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  • ==Superseded scientific theories== ...oscientific or [[fringe]] science theories with limited [[support]] in the scientific community, nor does it describe theories that were never widely [[accepted]
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  • ...odology, lacks supporting [[evidence]] or plausibility, or otherwise lacks scientific [[status]]. The term comes from the [[Greek]] prefix pseudo- (false or pret ...osophy_of_science philosophers of science] and among commentators in the [[scientific]] [[community]] about whether there is a reliable objective way to distingu
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  • ...://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credibility#cite_note-4 Prominence-Interpretation Theory].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credibility] ...edia.org/wiki/Peer_review peer review] and then publication as part of the scientific literature. Other approaches include the [[collaborative]] assessment of a
    3 KB (470 words) - 23:45, 12 December 2020
  • ...r object has a supernatural significance; specifically : the doctrine that scientific laws are adequate to account for all phenomena ...literature; specifically : a theory or practice in literature emphasizing scientific observation of life without idealization and often including elements of de
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  • ...mal usage, a scientific ''hypothesis'' is not the same as a scientific ''[[theory]]''. A Hypothesis is never to be stated as a question, but always as a stat ...of a theory or occasionally may grow to become a theory itself. Normally, scientific hypotheses have the form of a [[mathematical model]]. Sometimes, but not a
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  • ...and Government Printing Office Depository Access to Reports, Technical and Scientific (DARTS) pilot. ...(7%), Natural Resources and Earth Sciences (6%), Computers and Information Theory (5%), Behavior and Society (7%), includes psychology, education, law and s
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  • ...[[practice]] founded on [[experience]] without the aid of [[science]] or [[theory]] *3: a [[theory]] that all [[knowledge]] originates in [[experience]]
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  • ...iences. This is because in [[theory]] a fringe science will still maintain scientific rigor, plausibility, and [[integrity]], though it is usually highly dispute ...nately, the objective of some debunkers is debunking, not encouraging real scientific objectivity. For this [[purpose]], disparaging terms are often useful. They
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  • ...methodologies, focused on patronage, taste, theory, and criticism, and the scientific examination of [[material]]s and techniques. Critical appreciation and [[fa
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  • The term '''theory''' has two broad sets of [[meanings]], one used in the empirical [[The Scie ...ure]] or discourse is a [[reference]] to a scientific or empirically-based theory.
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  • ...to the [[scientific method]]. A standard system of units facilitates this. Scientific systems of units are a refinement of the [[concept]] of weights and measure ...ied in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrics psychometrics] and the theory of conjoint measurement.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_measurement
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  • ...hat marked the beginning of [[the universe]] according to the ''big bang'' theory ...escribes the early [[development]] of [[the Universe]]. According to the [[theory]], the Big Bang occurred approximately [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planc
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  • ...ngaged in the study of the general properties of systems include [[systems theory]], systems science, systemics and systems engineering. They investigate the # Kenneth D. Bailey (1994). Sociology and the New Systems Theory: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis. New York: State of New York Press.
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  • ...] as other than a purely [[psychological]] process by the [[mainstream]] [[scientific]] community because no replicable [[demonstration]], "on demand", has ever Scientific [[investigation]] of extrasensory perception (ESP) is [[complicated]] by th
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  • ...ics]], and the theoretical branches of [[computer science]], [[information theory]], and [[statistics]]. ...ense a [[science]]. The specialization restricting the meaning to modern ''scientific method'' is of later date.
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  • ...nd the Higgs field. It is the energy of the vacuum, which in quantum field theory is defined not as empty space but as the ground state of the fields. In cos ...rgy-based power generation systems are considered [[pseudoscience]] by the scientific community at large and [[skeptics]] usually dismiss efforts to harness zero
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  • ...in_Laszlo Ervin Laszlo]'s 2004 Science and the Akashic Field - an Integral Theory of Everything. ...in Water. These theories do not, however, have the support of the general scientific community and are typically considered [[pseudoscience]] views.
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  • :b : a [[theory]] that objects of sense [[perception]] or [[cognition]] exist independently *3: the [[theory]] or practice of [[fidelity]] in [[art]] and [[literature]] to [[nature]] o
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  • ...time]], the [[idea]] of interpersonal compatibility is [[analyzed]] in non-scientific fields (see e.g. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrological_compatibility ...dia.org/wiki/Antoni_K%C4%99pi%C5%84ski Antoni Kępiński]. However, socionic theory is somewhat [[controversial]] because of a lack of experimental data (altho
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  • '''Linguistics''' is the [[scientific method|scientific]] study of [[language]], encompassing a number of sub-fields. An important ...language]] and the biological constraints on this acquisition. Generative theory is [[Language module|modularist]] in character. While this remains the domi
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  • ...pplied science''' is a [[discipline]] of [[science]] that applies existing scientific [[knowledge]] to develop more [[practical]] [[applications]], such as [[tec ...can also apply formal science, such as [[statistics]] and [[probability]] theory, as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology epidemiology]. [https://
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  • ...r [[celestial]] objects when they are sufficiently similar to Earth. The [[theory]] builds on the older [[concepts]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contin
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  • ...investigated further, the conclusions are tested as well, as part of the [[scientific method]]. Descriptive statistics and analysis of the new data tend to provi ...hich it is often grouped. The [[difference]] is, roughly, that probability theory starts from the given [[parameters]] of a total population to deduce probab
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  • ...ipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoastronomy archaeoastronomy], and numerous different scientific techniques have been developed to aid archaeological investigation. Nonethe ..."scientific" and "anthropological", with [[hypothesis]] testing and the [[scientific method]] very important parts of what became known as processual archaeolog
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  • ...ginated in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_theory evolutionary theory] as an alternative (but less [[accurate]]) way of describing the [[mechanis ...nctioned cut-throat economic [[competition]]" and led to the advent of the theory of "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism social Darwinism]" whic
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  • [[Knowledge]] of 'observable' [[phenomena]] based on the [[scientific method]]. The scientific study of matter at the [[atom]]ic and [[molecule|molecular]] scale
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  • ...fundamental questions regarding the nature, methods, scope and validity of scientific reasoning. ...an objective and verifiable observation; in contrast with a conjecture or theory, which is intended to explain or interpret facts.
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  • ...3][4] lacks supporting [[evidence]] or plausibility,[5] or otherwise lacks scientific [[status]].[6] The term comes from the Greek prefix pseudo- (false or prete ...ilosophy_of_science philosophers of science] and among commentators in the scientific [[community]] about whether there is a reliable [[objective]] way to distin
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  • ...the Law's claims are impossible, violating [[scientific]] principles and a scientific [[understanding]] of the [[universe]]. [3] Others have questioned the references to modern scientific theory, and have maintained, for example, that the Law of Attraction misrepresents
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  • ...ted]] or proposed as a demonstrable [[truth]] often as a part of a general theory : proposition <the theorem that the best defense is offense> ...ndamentally [[deductive]], in [[contrast]] to the notion of a scientific [[theory]], which is [[empirical]].
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  • ...s which would allow physicists to [[confirm]] this cornerstone of modern [[theory]].
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  • ...e as a whole; in other words, in the understanding of the universe through scientific observation and experiment. This discipline, which focuses on the universe ...s. In particular, the [[geocentric]] [[Ptolemaic system]] was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], and sub
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  • ...until later, we find it foreshadowed as early as 1895 in "A Project for a Scientific Psychology" ([[Freud]], 1950a), in which [[Freud]] accords major importance ...sition]]-[[complementarity]] nevertheless plays an important role in the [[theory]] that the [[sexual]] [[instincts]] are connected to the self-preservation
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  • ...re is strong [[quantitative]] [[support]], by a [[formal]] test" for the [[theory]] that all living [[organisms]] on [[Earth]] are descended from a common an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin Charles Darwin] proposed the [[theory]] of universal common descent through an [[evolutionary]] [[process]] in [h
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  • ...arwin Charles Darwin]'s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Evolution Theory of Evolution]. [[Evolution]] meant that [[mankind]]'s [[development]] was n ...r circumstances might change and suit a more adapted species. Degeneration theory presented a pessimistic outlook for the [[future]] of [https://en.wikipedia
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  • ...irically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Plato’s theory of forms. Aristotle’s emphasis on good reasoning combined with his [[belief]] in the [[scientific method]] forms the backdrop for most of his work. For example, in his work
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  • ...ientific matters of our world and the [[universe]]. Research can use the [[scientific method]], but need not do so. ...ble organisations and by [[private]] [[groups]], including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to thei
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  • ...thematics]] the [[concept]] has been given an exact meaning in probability theory, that is used extensively in such areas of study as mathematics, [[statisti The scientific [[study]] of probability is a modern [[development]]. Gambling shows that t
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  • *"[[Scientific theory]] is a contrived foothold in the [[chaos]] of living phenomena." - [[Wilhel
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  • The theory of evidence is a field wrought with dispute. Many of these disputes stem fr ...he natural world, or which are created as [[experiment]]s in a laboratory. Scientific evidence usually goes towards supporting or rejecting a [[hypothesis]].
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  • ...c method]] to study [[nature]] from the [[social sciences]], which use the scientific method to study human behavior and society, and from the [[formal science]] ...ds of biology. By contrast, [[soft science]] is often used to describe the scientific fields that are more reliant on qualitiative research, including the social
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  • ...exicology] and terminology are two [[different]] fields of [[study]]. In [[theory]], general dictionaries are supposed to be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S ...iption_and_description prescriptive or descriptive], the latter being in [[theory]] largely based on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_corpus linguis
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  • ...edings that resulted sought to bridge a gap existing at the time between [[theory]] in [[ecology]] and [[population]] [[biology]] on the one hand and conserv ...odiversity biodiversity] [[crisis]] based on [[morals]], [[ethics]], and [[scientific]] [[reason]]. [[Organizations]] and [[citizens]] are responding to the biod
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  • ..._Fresnel Fresnel] combined Newton's particle [[theory]] with Huygen's wave theory to show that color is the visible [[manifestation]] of [[light]]'s [[wavele ...introduced during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolution scientific revolution]. The results of this [[experiment]] dramatically [[transformed]
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  • ...rgo, as well as to more abstract entities such as mathematical structures, scientific [[law]]s, and [[symbol]]ic and conceptual systems, including [[myth]]ology ...mogeneity and isotropy). By that time, [[Albert Einstein]]'s (1879–1955) [[Theory of Relativity]] had engendered the notion of relativistic invariance, the k
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  • ...hod]] is built on testing assertions which are [[logic]]al consequences of scientific theories. This is done through repeatable [[experiment]]s or observational ...ckly and easily confirmed or falsified (see predictive [[power]]). In many scientific fields, desirable theories are those which predict a large number of events
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  • *2: the scientific [[analysis]] of a social [[institution]] as a functioning whole and as it r ...ple in general. It is a social science involving the application of social theory and [[research]] methods to the study of the [[social]] [[life|live]]s of [
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  • ...phy of science], fecundity refers to the [[ability]] of a [[scientific]] [[theory]] to open new lines of theoretical [[inquiry]].
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  • ...se alternatives, however, has garnered equally widespread support in the [[scientific]] [[community]].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_gravity]
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  • ...ientific experiments, the outcome validates or invalidates the fundamental theory. The researcher has to go back to his test tubes and revisit his calculatio
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  • ...ing" (see under [[Ivan Pavlov]] led to the rise of Operant Conditioning, a theory advocated by [[B.F. Skinner]], which took over the academic establishment u
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  • ...allenges in implementing computations. For example, [[programming language theory]] studies approaches to describing computations, while [[computer programmi * [[Scientific computing]] enabled advanced study of the mind and mapping the human genome
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  • ...pedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics cybernetic] principles. A more "[[mainstream]]" scientific presentation of this same [[idea]] is provided by [https://en.wikipedia.org ==Integral theory==
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  • *1: a [[theory]] that the [[universe]] and especially living [[nature]] is correctly seen ...used as a catchword. This contributed to the resistance encountered by the scientific interpretation of holism, which insists that there are [https://en.wikipedi
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  • ...Sociological_Association American Sociological Association] have found any scientific merit in such [[theories]].
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  • ...ence fiction]] and horror by the [[expectation]] that it steers clear of [[scientific]] and macabre themes, respectively, though there is a great deal of overlap ...eval studies). [[Work]] in this area ranges widely, from the structuralist theory of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov Tzvetan Todorov], which e
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  • ==The scientific virtues== ...he truth-conducive tools of [[thought]] used by objective thinkers are the scientific [[virtue]]s. When formulating a hypothesis to explain a particular fact, ma
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  • ...not essential. This classical ontology is what made [[knowledge]] and a [[theory]] of knowledge possible, as it was thought that a science of something in [ ...g]]" and the "physics of [[becoming]]". Process philosophy covers not just scientific [[intuitions]] and [[experiences]], but can be used as a conceptual bridge
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  • ...e Goethe] in his ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Colours_(book) Theory of Colors]'' and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer Schopen ...[rainbow]] of [[colors]] in visible light when separated using a prism. As scientific understanding of light advanced, it came to apply to the entire [https://en
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  • ...r theories have been proposed. By the mid-19th century, the [[accepted]] [[theory]] was that lightning produced a [[vacuum]]. In the 20th century a [[consens
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  • ...in the condition described. Consequently the proper object of unqualified scientific knowledge is something which cannot be other than it is.|[[Aristotle]]|''[[ ...fulfilled; that in order to count as knowledge, a [[statement]] must be [[theory of justification|justified]], [[truth|true]], and [[belief|believed]]. Some
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  • ...ies. Even fiction that depicts innovations ruled out by current scientific theory, such as stories about or based on [[faster-than-light]] travel, are still
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  • ...nary defines this usage as "a philosophical and theoretical framework of a scientific school or discipline within which theories, laws, and generalizations and t ==Scientific paradigm==
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  • ...e most influential [[scientists]] of all time and as a key figure in the [[scientific revolution]]. His book ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Na ...on also built the first practical reflecting [[telescope]] and developed a theory of [[color]] based on the observation that a prism decomposes white [[light
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  • ...al skeptic. However, Descartes was not himself a skeptic and developed his theory of an absolute certainty to disprove other skeptics who argued that there i ==Scientific skepticism==
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  • Within the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religion social scientific study of religion], the [[problem]] of '''plausibility''' usually revolves ...social [[change]]. [[Researchers]] also have applied the [[concept]] to [[theory]] construction regarding [[conversion]] and defection [[dynamics]] as well
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  • *"[[Scientific theory]] is a contrived foothold in the [[chaos]] of living phenomena." - [[Wilhel
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  • ...w this change occurred. The study of human [[evolution]] encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably physical [[anthropology]], [[linguistics]] and [[ ...arwin wrote on the subject. Nevertheless, the implications of evolutionary theory were clear to contemporary readers (On the Origin of Species, [https://darw
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  • ...article on orb photos. A mathematical framework is given using holography theory. * [https://www.theorbzone.com/ The Orb Zone: Orbs Explained] Presenting the [[scientific]] [[evidence]] and accessible explanations for the orb [[phenomena]].
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  • ...871 [[book]] ''Primitive Culture'', in which he defined it as being "the [[theory]] of the [[universal]] animation of [[nature]]". ...e natural world as being innately alive. Being a self-described "confirmed scientific [[rationalist]]", he himself however believed that such a view was "childis
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  • ...to differentiate it from [[applied science]], which is the application of scientific research to specific human needs. ..."science" is generally limited to [[empirical]] study involving use of the scientific method.<ref>See, e.g. [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/science]. The firs
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  • .... Quantum Mechanics is a [[mathematical]] description of reality, like any scientific [[model]]. Some of its predictions and implications go against our "common ...uid at temperatures near absolute zero) is one well-known example. Quantum theory also provides accurate descriptions for many previously unexplained [[pheno
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  • ...or may be a corporation as well an individual''. One key issue in literary theory is the relationship between the meaning of some literary text and instituti In [[literary theory]], the author function is the [[writer]] of a work as seen by the [[reader]
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  • ...clusive and integrated view of geologic events has developed, changing the scientific consensus to accept some catastrophic events in the geologic past. ...been discovered since then, explaining why the flood story was "stated in scientific methods with surprising frequency among the Greeks", an example being Pluta
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  • ...tinction between the [[fact]] of evolution, the path of evolution, and the theory or mechanism of evolution. ...igin of Species (1859), the groundbreaking work in which he introduced his theory. Darwin was not the first to argue for the fact of evolution, but by marsha
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  • ...it in a sector. Contemplation is the [[Latin]] [[translation]] of Greek '[[theory]]' (theoria). In a [[religious]] sense it is usually a [[type]] of [[prayer ...org/wiki/Gnosiology gnosiology]). Within the realm of Eastern Christianity theory is [[faith]] and one at first cultivates the [[virtues]] as an [[expression
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  • ...to differentiate it from [[applied science]], which is the application of scientific research to specific human needs. ..."science" is generally limited to [[empirical]] study involving use of the scientific method. See, e.g. [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/science]. The first us
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  • The possibility of many universes raises various scientific and philosophical questions. ...a parallel universe within the multiverse. According to [[Max Tegmark]], (Scientific American, 2003, May, Parallel Universes) the existence of other universes i
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  • ...wiki/Andrey_Kolmogorov Andrey Kolmogorov] proposed the first statistical [[theory]] of turbulence, based on the aforementioned notion of the energy cascade ( ===Original scientific research papers===
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  • ...oped into the disciplines of the natural sciences over the course of the [[scientific revolution]]. Today, philosophical questions are usually explicitly disting ...Subdisciplines include [[meta-ethics]], [[value (ethics)|value theory]], [[theory of conduct]], and [[applied ethics]].
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  • ...and [[matter]], and his [[General Theory of Relativity]] was the first new theory of [[gravity|gravitation]] since [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_newto ...paper on Brownian motion, and in June his celebrated essay on the special theory of relativity, which was followed in September by his derivation of the fam
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  • ...morally]] better to be left out of the [[equation]] altogether, and this [[theory]] is included within the following quote (author unknown): "The best advice ...port the results (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_publishing scientific publishing]). Client and consultant combine their expertise and, through di
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  • ...eveloped an interest in Hegelianism, French socialism and British Economic Theory. He transformed the three into an essential work of economics called [[Das ...young group of German Philosophers formed the [[Vienna Circle]] to promote scientific thought over Hegelian system-building, which they saw as a bad influence on
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  • According to this theory, the phenomenon manifests itself as a control mechanism, whose function app ...rmine society's belief in established [[authority]], both governmental and scientific, which ridicules the [[phenomena]] and those who believe in it.
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  • ...sis for psychosomatic medicine. Particularly, the umwelt concept and the [[theory]] of [[organism]] by Jakob von Uexküll has been found useful as an approac ...c Medicine in [[practice]] and there exist large areas of overlap in the [[scientific]] [[research]].
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  • *5. [[Literary Theory|Lit. Criticism]]. spec. in the use of I. A. Richards, ‘the non-overt impu ...b. and Comb., as attitude measurement, [[research]], scale, study, test, [[theory]]; attitude-taking vbl. n.
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  • ...luding [[art]], [[music]], [[film]], theatre or [[drama]], restaurant, and scientific publication critics. Critical theory
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  • .... Four unifying principles form the foundation of modern biology: [[cell theory]], [[evolution]], [[genetics]] and [[homeostasis]]. *[[Cell theory]]. All living organisms are made of at least one cell, the basic unit of f
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  • ...rg/wiki/Psycholinguistics psycholinguistics] at Nijmegen, Netherlands. The theory has also gained attention through the work of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wik ...sciplines that are governed with generative systems and rationalistic in [[scientific method]].
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  • ...eans] also looked upon the [[stars]] as the cause of [[suffering]]. This [[theory]] of [[disease]] as a consequence of [[divine]] wrath is still prevalent am ...esult of [[natural]] [[causes]]. Slowly and certainly the unfolding of a [[scientific]] era is destroying man's age-old [[theories]] of sickness and [[death]]. F
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  • * Barkan, Elazar (1992), The Retreat of Scientific Racism : Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between ...Republic, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. (18th century US racial theory)
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  • ...tory systems. Cybernetics is closely related to control theory and systems theory. Both in its [[origin]]s and in its [[evolution]] in the second-half of the ...plinary study connecting the fields of control systems, electrical network theory, mechanical engineering, [[logic]] modeling, evolutionary [[biology]], neur
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  • ...(and the study of [[structure]] as revealed by science). The adoption of a scientific outlook and [[attitude]] of continual adjustment by the [[individual]] towa
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  • ...il the [[Renaissance]], when mathematical innovations interacting with new scientific discoveries led to a rapid increase in the [[rate]] of mathematical discove ...such as [[statistics]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory game theory]. Mathematicians also engage in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathema
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  • ...niverse in which the past and future may exist alongside the present. Some scientific theories of consciousness such as [[space-time theories of consciousness]] ...MAP AGE] Since the discovery of the Big Bang scientists who agree to this theory consider time to have moved in a uni-direction forward direction. In this m
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  • ...odels of the military to be major obstacles. As they had not mastered game theory models they simply were not heard. Interestingly, the [[peer]] review process in most scientific journals does not use a consensus based process. Referees submit their opin
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  • American psychologist [[Henry Murray]] (1893–1988) developed a theory of [[personality]] that was organized in terms of motives, presses, and nee ...ccess is rendered highly problematical by the essential [[fact]] that real scientific results can be achieved only by data recorded in connection with a perfectl
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  • ...well, and a small number of reports of anti-gravity-like effects in the [[scientific]] [[literature]]. As of 2007 none of them are widely accepted by the physic # Peskin, M and Schroeder, D. ;An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory (Westview Press, 1995) [ISBN 0-201-50397-2]
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  • ...d the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been varying scientific and alternative theories regarding the Great Pyramid's construction techni ...osits that [[slaves]] were forced to work until the pyramid was done. This theory is no longer accepted in the modern era, however. Egyptologists believe tha
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  • ...m]] solving and is [[contrasted]] with an approach using [[insight]] and [[theory]]. ...des with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget Piaget]'s well-known [[theory]] of developmental stages. After all, it is part of Piagetian doctrine that
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