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  • '''System''' (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek σύστημα systēma) is a set of interacting or [[Interdependence|interdependent]] entities, real or abst ...he set to other elements, and from relationships between an element of the set and elements not a part of the relational regime.
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  • ...such that both P and its negation are provable from the [[axioms]] of the theory under its associated deductive system. ...opment]] of mathematical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_theory proof theory] was driven by the [[desire]] to provide finitary consistency proofs for al
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  • ==Germ plasm theory== ...which carry out ordinary [[bodily]] [[functions]].[1] In the germ plasm [[theory]], [[inheritance]] in a multicellular [[organism]] only takes place by mean
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  • *1a : to [[cause]] to be set aside ...iption]] of [[reality]] by a [[mainstream]] scientific [[consensus]], or a theory which has been shown to be [[false]]. This label does not cover protoscient
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  • :c : a [[relation]] between sets in which each member of one set is [[associated]] with one or more members of the other — compare [[funct ...to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_theory_of_truth coherence theory] of [[truth]] which holds that the truth or falsity of a [[statement]] is d
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  • ==Strategies in game theory== ...ose. That is, every player in a [[Competition|non-cooperative]] game has a set of possible strategies, and must [[choose]] one of the choices.
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  • ...'formal system''' consists of two components, a [[formal language]] plus a set of [[inference]] rules or transformation rules. A formal system may be for # A finite set of symbols (i.e. the [[alphabet]]), that can be used for constructing formu
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  • ...It is an agreement among firms or [[individuals]] to divide a [[market]], set prices, limit production or limit [[opportunities]]. It can involve "wage f ...-determination theory] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory game theory], the [[independence]] of suppliers forces prices to their minimum, increas
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  • ...nce the two definitions are equivalent, lattice theory draws on both order theory and universal algebra. Semilattices include lattices, which in turn include ...Wille in 1984, and builds on applied [[lattice theory|lattice]] and order theory that was developed by [[Garrett Birkhoff|Birkhoff]] and others in the 1930'
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  • The term '''theory''' has two broad sets of [[meanings]], one used in the empirical [[The Scie ...ure]] or discourse is a [[reference]] to a scientific or empirically-based theory.
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  • ...cardinals are quantitative infinities defining the number of things in a [[Set|collection]], which are so large that they cannot be proven to exist in the ...cardinals are quantitative infinities defining the number of things in a [[Set|collection]], which are so large that they cannot be proven to exist in the
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  • ...granted, and serves as a starting point for deducing and inferring other (theory dependent) truths. ...ge is to show that its claims can be derived from a small, well-understood set of sentences (the axioms). There are typically multiple ways to axiomatize
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  • ...ginated in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_theory evolutionary theory] as an alternative (but less [[accurate]]) way of describing the [[mechanis ...nctioned cut-throat economic [[competition]]" and led to the advent of the theory of "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism social Darwinism]" whic
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  • ...tural similarities can be established. In weaker forms of representational theory, such as that implicit within the work of Stanley Smith Stevens, numbers ne ...ations, it is not a measurement according to additive conjoint measurement theory. Likewise, computing and assigning [[arbitrary]] values, like the "book val
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  • *2a : the [[act]] or [[process]] of changing the lineal order of an ordered set of objects ...ts into a particular order. For example, there are six permutations of the set {1,2,3}, namely (1,2,3), (1,3,2), (2,1,3), (2,3,1), (3,1,2), and (3,2,1). O
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  • *2. (group theory) A set with an associative binary operation, under which there exists an [[identit ...er of things or persons being in some relation to each other): collection, set
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  • ...dia.org/wiki/Control_theory control theory] a trajectory is a time-ordered set of states of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_system dynamical sy
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  • ...he aforementioned conception is closely related to [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[theory]] of [[relativity]]. The past is the object of [[study]] in such fields as ...by an observer. This reduces the time separation between instruments to a set of constant intervals.[2]
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  • 1. To establish or set up, especially with provision for continuing existence: "The college was fo 2. To establish the foundation or basis of; base: found a [[theory]] on firm [[evidence]].
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  • ...ranted, and serves as a starting point for deducing and inferring other ([[theory]] dependent) [[truths]]. ...]] is to show that its claims can be derived from a small, well-understood set of sentences (the axioms). There are typically multiple ways to axiomatize
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  • ...mphlet on the issue which he entitled [[maternal]] deprivation. Attachment theory grew out of his subsequent work on the issues raised. ...cepts, introduced the [[concept]] of the "[[secure]] base" and developed a theory of a number of attachment patterns in infants: secure attachment, avoidant
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  • ...be connected if it is not the union of two disjoint nonempty open sets. A set is open if it contains no point lying on its boundary; thus, in an informal ...text]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory graph theory]. Graph theory also offers a [[context]]-free [[measure]] of connectedness, called the [ht
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  • ...structure]] or operation of a '''machine''' or other complex [[system]]; a theory or approach relating to this. :e. Psychol. An [[unconscious]], structured set of mental [[processes]] underlying a [[person]]'s [[behaviour]] or response
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  • .../wiki/Set_theory set theory]) are the greatest and least [[values]] in the set. To locate extreme values is the basic objective of optimization.
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  • ...term '''self-preservation''' in its simplest definition describes both the set of [[behaviors]] by means of which [[individuals]] attempt to preserve thei ...sition]]-[[complementarity]] nevertheless plays an important role in the [[theory]] that the [[sexual]] [[instincts]] are connected to the self-preservation
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  • [[Personality]], defined [[psychologically]], is the set of enduring behavioral and mental [[traits]] that distinguish [[human being ...rts]] on the basis of invariable [[subjectivity]]. They [[argue]] that the theory and diagnosis of personality disorders are based strictly on [[social]], or
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  • ...depend on a theory that you must at some time begin to apply. There is no set of steps that you can follow to achieve this. It is a dynamic and practica “The path has been laid out and the goal has been set. You just have to walk and faithfully follow the guidance of your Thought
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  • ...not essential. This classical ontology is what made [[knowledge]] and a [[theory]] of knowledge possible, as it was thought that a science of something in [ ...cipia Mathematica'', which purported to build a logically consistent set [[theory]] on which to found mathematics. After this, Whitehead extended his interes
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  • ...nceptual]] approach that does not hold rigidly to a single [[paradigm]] or set of [[assumptions]], but instead draws upon multiple [[theories]], styles, o ...wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism behaviorism], but do not attempt to use the theory to explain all aspects of human behavior.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecl
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  • ...s a [[theory]] that posits the [[existence]] of a law whose [[content]] is set by nature and that therefore has validity [[Omnipresence|everywhere]].[1] T
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  • ...nce as all other natural sciences utilize and obey the principles and laws set down by the field. Physics relies heavily on [[mathematics]] as the logical ...ments in physics include [[Isaac Newton]]'s [[Law of universal gravitation|theory of universal gravitation]] and [[classical mechanics]], an understanding of
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  • ...hn Rawls] published ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice A Theory of Justice]'', political philosophy declined in the Anglo-American [[academ ...h as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_choice_theory rational choice theory]) to political issues. The rise of feminism, LGBT [[social movements]] and
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  • ...[literature]], Beowulf has been the subject of much scholarly [[study]], [[theory]], speculation, [[discourse]], and, at 3182 lines, has been noted for its l
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  • ==Theory== ...reproduced. In holography, some of the light scattered from an object or a set of objects falls on the recording medium. A second light beam, known as the
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  • ...probability]] theory and [[statistics]], '''variance''' measures how far a set of [[numbers]] is spread out. A variance of zero indicates that all the val
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  • ...the number of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametes gametes] (eggs), seed set or asexual propagules. This [[difference]] is due to the [[fact]] that [htt ...phy of science], fecundity refers to the [[ability]] of a [[scientific]] [[theory]] to open new lines of theoretical [[inquiry]].
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  • ...iverse, man, god and/or their relationships based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from spiritual experience and/or observation. ...s. In particular, the [[geocentric]] [[Ptolemaic system]] was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], and sub
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  • ...ons and implications go against our "common sense" of how [[humans]] see a set of bodies (a [[system]]) behave. This isn't necessarily a failure of QM - i ...uid at temperatures near absolute zero) is one well-known example. Quantum theory also provides accurate descriptions for many previously unexplained [[pheno
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  • ...the mistake of identifying Jesus’ teachings with any political or economic theory, with any social or industrial system.” ([[140:8|UB, 140:8.10]]) Thought Adjuster: “Jesus’s exemplary spiritual life set a timeproof and divinely-condoned optimal standard for right living. He ide
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  • *3: a set of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_numbers real numbers] between [[two] In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory music theory], an '''interval''' is a combination of [[two]] [[notes]], or the [[ratio]]
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  • ...lds developed largely independently, but 20th century studies of [[Systems theory]] and [[Cybernetics]] combined with spreading use of computers across all t ...ulations, the model behaviour will change each simulation according to the set of initial parameters assumed for the environment.
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  • ...den [[announcement]] on the evening of January 16: " On the morrow we will set apart [[ten]] [[women]] for the ministering [[work]] of [[the kingdom]]. " ...l, the Apostle|Paul]], despite the [[fact]] that he conceded all this in [[theory]], never really incorporated it into his own [[attitude]] and [[personally]
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  • ...pt]] that describes the [[beliefs]] of an [[individual]] or [[culture]]. A set of values may be placed into the notion of a value [[system]]. Values are c * [[Value theory]] -- in ethics, aesthetics and other evaluative matters
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  • ...pect or devotion; or inspiring awe or reverence among believers in a given set of [[spiritual]] [[ideas]]). In other [[contexts]], objects are often consi ...red to the gods or anything in their power, and to sacer, priest; sanctum, set apart. It was generally conceived spatially, as referring to the area aroun
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  • ...The property of entanglement was understood in the early days of [[quantum theory]], although not by that name. Quantum entanglement is at the heart of the E ...ell's inequality), which is, however, violated, both by quantum mechanical theory and in experiments.
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  • *3: a [[group]], set, or kind [[sharing]] common [[attributes]]: as a : a major category in [[bi In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_theory Marxist theory], two basic class divisions owe to the [[fundamental]] [[economic]] [[struc
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  • '''Retributive''' [[justice]] is a [[theory]] of justice that considers that [[punishment]], if [[proportionate]], is a ...f [[law]] [[community]], perhaps due to the practical failings of reform [[theory]] in the previous decades.
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  • ...century]], [[aesthetics]] and [[hermeneutics]]. In the [[20th century]], "theory" has become an umbrella term for a variety of scholarly approaches to readi ==Literary theory and literature==
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  • ...e Goethe] in his ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Colours_(book) Theory of Colors]'' and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer Schopen ...ral spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of [[values]] but can vary infinitely within a [[continuum]]. The word was
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  • ...a [[Music|musical]] instrument; especially : modification that produces a set of 12 equally spaced [[tones]] to the octave [[History|Historically]], the [[concept]] of temperament was part of the [[theory]] of the four humours, with their corresponding four temperaments. The conc
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  • ...ntury [[studies]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory Systems theory] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics Cybernetics] combined with ...he [[model]] [[behavior]] will [[change]] each simulation according to the set of initial [[parameters]] [[assumed]] for the [[environment]].
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  • ...t is [[necessary]] to examine individual decisions in the [[context]] of a set of needs, preferences an individual has and [[values]] they seek. From a [h ...ured approaches, following a recognition primed decision approach to fit a set of indicators into the expert's experience and immediately arrive at a [[sa
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  • This field encompasses a set of disciplines that examines [[phenomenon|phenomena]] related to living org ...rwin's]] theory of [[evolution]] through [[natural selection]]; the [[germ theory of disease]] and the application of the techniques of [[biochemistry|chemis
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  • ...ly '"Fixation" acquired a broader [[connotation]]. With the development of theory of [[libidinal]] [[stages]]...the term came to mean a persistent [[attachme In ''Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality'' (1905), [[Freud]] distinguished 'fixations of preliminary se
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  • ...[state]] (state theory) or set of [[attitudes]] and [[beliefs]] (non-state theory) usually induced by a procedure known as a ''hypnotic induction'', which is ...g/wiki/Mesmerism Mesmerism]" or "animal magnetism"), but differed in his [[theory]] as to how the procedure worked.
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  • ...allenges in implementing computations. For example, [[programming language theory]] studies approaches to describing computations, while [[computer programmi ...lds in areas such as [[mathematical logic]], [[category theory]], [[domain theory]], and [[algebra]].
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  • ...at "the signal contained thousands of bits of information". Communication theory tends to use the concept of [[information entropy]], generally attributed t ...[[R.A. Fisher]]. This is used in application of statistics to [[estimation theory]] and to science in general. Fisher information is thought of as the amoun
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  • ==Theory of developmental stages== ...w children reason and interact with their surroundings. [[James Marcia]]'s theory focuses on identity achievement and has four identity statuses. [[Maria Mon
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  • ...eptance]]. When it comes to [[arguments]], codependent people also tend to set themselves up as the "[[victim]]". When they do stand up for themselves, th ...or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_relations_theory Object relations theory], "to risk becoming dependent" may be for the compulsively self-reliant a p
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  • ...m]] solving and is [[contrasted]] with an approach using [[insight]] and [[theory]]. ...nt]] efficiencies: Suppose there are 1000 on/off switches which have to be set to a particular combination by [[random]]-based testing, each test to take
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  • ...else that can [[receive]] this [[glory]], that though it is possible in [[theory]], there is an [[attitude]] of, "I am not [[worthy]] so it must be for some
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  • ...in any life lived to the fullest. The first [[step]] is to ‘want to’ — to set very clear [[intentions]] in that regard. The second step is to make your i “It may well start with the formulation of an intellectual [[theory]]. Yet, by putting it to the test, you will be led to validate it for yours
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  • A '''multiverse''' (or '''meta-universe''') is the hypothetical set of multiple possible [[universe]]s (including our universe) that together c ...s a direct implication of cosmological observations. Tegmark describes the set of related concepts which share the notion that there are universes beyond
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  • ...[truth]] the primary [[cognition]]s or [[belief]]s of mankind; e.g. in the theory of [[perception]], the universal [[belief]] in the existence of a [[materia ...es. (The French theologian Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet arguably developed this theory a decade before Locke.[1]) Each of the empiricist philosophers approaches t
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  • *3: a set that contains all elements relevant to a particular [[discussion]] or [[pro The generally accepted scientific [[theory]] which describes the origin and [[evolution]] of the universe is [[Big Ban
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  • Free vibration occurs when a mechanical system is set off with an initial input and then allowed to vibrate freely. Examples of t * Thompson, W.T., Theory of Vibrations, Nelson Thornes Ltd, 1996, ISBN 0-412-783908
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  • ...ent that has zero [[dimensions]] and a location determinable by an ordered set of coordinates ...of mathematics dealing with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_Theory set theory], an element is often referred to as a point. A point could also be defined
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  • ...lack of a canonical isomorphism can be made precise in terms of [[category theory]], but one could say at a simpler level that "any isomorphism you can think ...ifies an element as representative of a set. If a set is [[Partition of a set|partitioned]] into [[Equivalence class|equivalence classes]], then one memb
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  • ...pects of [[oral literature]] and [[oral history]], before eventually being set down in writing, is the [[Homer]]ic [[epic poetry]] of the ''[[Iliad]]'' an ...is summarized from the overlapping prefaces to the following volumes: The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology, (Indiana University Press, 19
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  • ...'' "custom, habit"), a major branch of philosophy, is the study of [[Value theory|value]]s and [[Custom (law)|custom]]s of a person or group. It covers the [ Another strand of meta-ethical theory, called 'realism', holds that moral value is somehow an intrinsic property
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  • Definitions are often tied to the concept of a ‘[[system]]’ – a set of parts or elements which have relationships among them differentiated fro ...[[model]] or [[mathematical modelling|mathematical expression, as is later set out herein.
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  • ...is to extend a knowledge base automatically. The knowledge base (KB) is a set of propositions that represent what the system knows about the world. Sever ...n is most often identified with the most probable (see [[Bayesian decision theory]]). A central rule of Bayesian inference is [[Bayes' theorem]], which gave
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  • ...e that [[explains]] the [[meaning]] of a term (a [[word]], phrase or other set of [[symbols]]), or a type of [[thing]]. The term to be defined is the defi ...specific [[purpose]] by including additional criteria that narrow down the set of things meeting the definition.
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  • ...hat affirms a [[property (philosophy)|property]] of all the members of a [[set]]. For instance, the proposition that all [[dog]]s are [[mortal]] and the ...od''), property (''redness''), or relation (''betweenness'') ''[[Substance theory#Inherence relation|inheres]]'' a particular object (a specific dog, red thi
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  • ...losely and centrally controlled, e.g. in a [[military]] [[hierarchy]] or a set of similar computer programs executing on hardware that it completely contr ...odels of the military to be major obstacles. As they had not mastered game theory models they simply were not heard.
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  • ...is does not make the theory warrantless; the theory stands until a greater theory replaces it. Your assumptions may stand until your observations provide you ...tention and decision and motivation can help to change what is and yet you set about carving in stone as humans, what is right and what is wrong, what is
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  • ...siastes]] 3:11 "He has made everything beautiful in its time. He has also set ''eternity'' in the hearts of men .." (from [[Bible]] translation in the N The modern [[theory of relativity]] provides a physical description of the universe in which th
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  • Governments are using it, for example, to set [[standards]] for environmental regulation, e.g. "pathway analysis" as prac ...that must be immediately addressed. E.g. "Risk is the unwanted subset of a set of uncertain outcomes." (Cornelius Keating)
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  • ...logical]]. When thoughtful men [[observe]] [[disease]] and [[death]], they set about to determine the [[causes]] of these visitations, and in [[accordance ...eans] also looked upon the [[stars]] as the cause of [[suffering]]. This [[theory]] of [[disease]] as a consequence of [[divine]] wrath is still prevalent am
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  • ...] This use is reflected in the terms "fact-find" and "fact-finder" (e.g., "set up a fact-finding commission"). ...an objective and verifiable observation; in contrast with a conjecture or theory, which is intended to explain or interpret facts.
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  • ...century, initially within a partisan controversy around [[Isaac Newton]]'s theory of color (''Opticks'', 1704) and the nature of so-called [[primary color]]s ...sical world. This has led to a number of inaccuracies in traditional color theory principles that are not always remedied in modern formulations.
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  • ...bject to change. Those who are encompassed by a busy life can find time to set straight the scales of balanced living. ...e things of soul value are brushed aside. This is where I refer back to my theory of city living, versus those among a more peaceful environment.
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  • ...the book’s religious content, but said, "The board believes the conspiracy theory is spurious and based on questionable research." [https://www.courier-journ ...ers]], [[Sibel Edmonds]], his analysis of the official [[9/11 Commission]] set up by the US government, and his belief that the US Government deliberately
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  • In his [[Euclid's_Elements|Elements]], [[Euclid]] developed the theory of ratios of magnitudes without studying the nature of magnitudes, as Archi ...h was first explicitly characterized by [[Otto Holder|Hölder]] (1901) as a set of axioms which define such features as ''identities'' and ''relations'' be
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  • ...to be the veridical type, typically counterintuitive outcomes of economic theory. In [[literature]] a paradox can be any contradictory or obviously untrue s ...ntradiction, was instrumental in the development of modern logic and [[set theory]].
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  • ...or anything in their [[power]], and to ''sacer'', [[priest]]; ''sanctum'', set apart. It was generally conceived spatially, as referring to the area aroun *1. Kept or regarded as inviolate from ordinary use, and appropriated or set apart for [[religious]] use or observance; consecrated, dedicated, sacred.
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  • ...rg/wiki/Psycholinguistics psycholinguistics] at Nijmegen, Netherlands. The theory has also gained attention through the work of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wik The term denotes a comprehensive set of opinions, seen as an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_unity organi
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  • ...ilosopher [[Michel Foucault]] (1926-1984) and [[Jürgen Habermas]]' ''[[The Theory of Communicative Action]]'' (''Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns''). Each ...to developmental psychology by [[Erica Burman]] and in relation to social theory and psychoanalysis by [[Ian Parker (psychologist)]], and a critical researc
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  • A '''genre''' ʒã:rə, French: "kind" or "sort" is a loose set of criteria for a category of literary composition; the term is also used f ...ies. Even fiction that depicts innovations ruled out by current scientific theory, such as stories about or based on [[faster-than-light]] travel, are still
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  • Modern [[physics]] describes gravitation using the [[general theory of relativity]], but the much simpler [[Newton's law of universal gravitati == History of gravitational theory ==
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  • ...rollable digits can be calculated because of the finite cardinality of the set of possible outcomes. ...ter developed into the concept of [[information]] entropy in [[information theory]].
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  • ::b. to set..at rest, to satisfy, assure; to settle, decide finally. at rest, settled. ...re many different definitions of leisure. One popular social psychological theory of leisure was put forward by [[psychology]] professor John Neulinger in th
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  • '''Hermeneutics''' is the study of [[interpretation]] theory. [[Tradition]]al hermeneutics - which includes [[Bible|Biblical]] hermeneut Philosophical hermeneutics refers primarily to [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]]'s theory of [[knowledge]] as developed in ''Truth and Method'', and sometimes to [[P
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  • ...h was sighted as the result of the movement of the rays from the eye. This theory was championed by scholars like [[Euclid]] and [[Ptolemy]] and their follow ...se on what really vision is, but [[light]] did not play any role in this [[theory]] and it remained only a speculation lacking any [[experiment]]al foundatio
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  • ==Theory== * Dependency theory, most obviously its concepts of "core" and "periphery";
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  • ...d paradigm its contemporary [[meaning]] when he adopted it to refer to the set of practices that define a scientific discipline during a particular period Thus, within normal [[science]], the paradigm is the set of exemplary [[experiment]]s that are likely to be copied or emulated. The
    13 KB (1,989 words) - 01:27, 13 December 2020
  • ...J. Robert Cox and Charles Arthur Willard, eds. ''Advances in Argumentation Theory and Research'', Southern Illinois University Press, 1983 ISBN 0809310503, I ...Principia is no longer much used, having been largely supplanted by [[set theory]]. As the study of formal logic expanded, research no longer focused solel
    33 KB (4,933 words) - 01:20, 13 December 2020
  • [[theory]], but it is rarely if ever consistently applied to all specific forms of ...give]]? This is [[insanity]] indeed. It is not up to [[God's teachers]] to set [[limits]]
    6 KB (969 words) - 17:11, 9 October 2015
  • ...rganic]] causes and aspects of disease. [[Discoveries]] such as the [[germ theory]] of disease and the [[existence]] of entities such as [[virus]]es and [[ba ...tripped of psychosocial or [[spiritual]] aspects and effectively becomes a set of [[body]] parts to fix. While this emphasis on pathology is changing to e
    7 KB (957 words) - 00:02, 13 December 2020
  • 5. A complete set or series; a circle, a round. 8. Bot. A complete turn of the spire recognized in the theory of spiral leaf-arrangement.
    10 KB (1,630 words) - 22:15, 12 December 2020

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