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• International Medieval Bibliography (English)
  ...tps://0-apps.brepolis.net.catalog.sewanee.edu/bmb/search.cfm International Medieval Bibliography (English)]''''' Index of sources on the European Middle Ages, covering Europe, the Middle East and North Africa in the period 400-1500.
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• Middle Ages
  ...ons of Western history: Antiquity, Medieval period, and Modern period. The Medieval period is itself subdivided into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_M ...rolingian dynasty], briefly established an empire covering much of Western Europe; the Carolingian Empire in the later 8th and early 9th century, when it suc
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• Fealty
  In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages medieval Europe], fealty was sworn between two people, the obliged person (vassal) and a pe ...ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japan#Feudal_Japan_.281185-1603.29 medieval Japan], as well as in [[modern]] [[political]] [[contexts]].
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• Proverb
  ...eval Latin have played a considerable role in distributing proverbs across Europe, although almost every [[culture]] has examples of its own.[https://en.wiki
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• Slavery
  ...South America, slavery was the engine that drove the mercantile empires of Europe. The institution was as old as time - finding explicit sanction in the Bibl ...ope, who were the last ethnic group to be captured and enslaved in Central Europe.[6][7] For thousands of years, according to Adam Smith and Auguste Comte, a
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• Courteous
  ...nners]]. In the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages] in Europe, the [[behaviour]] expected of the gentry was compiled in [https://en.wikip In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_India medieval India] too, [[nobility]] and [[royalty]] were expected to display courteous
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• Clarion
  ...ish], from Middle French & Medieval Latin; Middle French ''clairon'', from Medieval Latin ''clarion''-, ''clario'', from [[Latin]] ''clarus'' [[clear]] ...us'' (bright or clear), and the verb ''claro'' (to make clear). Throughout Europe, an [[eclectic]] set of variations on clarion came into use. The [[meaning]
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• Scriptorium
  ''''Scriptorium'''' is commonly used to refer to a room in medieval European [[monasteries]] devoted to the copying of manuscripts by monastic ...f the [[Cistercian]] order at [[Cîteaux]], one of the best-documented high-medieval scriptoria, developed a "house style" in the first half of the twelfth cent
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• Vagrant
  ...le fairy tales] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe medieval Europe], [[beggars]] cast [[curses]] on anyone who was insulting or stingy towards
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• Ordeal
  In medieval Europe, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_combat trial by combat], trial ...ants]]—presumably innocent—could pass them. If this [[theory]] is correct, medieval [[superstition]] was actually a useful [[motivating]] [[force]] for [[justi
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• Viking
  ...g Age [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune runic] inscriptions and in later medieval writings in set [[expressions]] such as the phrasal verb ''fara í víkin'' ...ulture, Viking art, Viking religion, Viking ship, and so on. The people of medieval Scandinavia are also referred to as Norse, although this term properly appl
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• Erfurt
  ...driven from the city, and the ghetto burned. Recently, the remains of the medieval [[synagogue]] have been discovered beneath newer buildings, and are being r
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• Faculty
  ...ish] faculte, from Anglo-French faculté, from Medieval Latin & [[Latin]]; Medieval Latin facultat-, facultas branch of [[learning]] or [[teaching]], from Lat ...[privilege]] to [[establish]] these four faculties was usually part of all medieval charters for [[universities]], but not every university could in [[reality]
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• Mime
  ...imus'', although performances were not necessarily [[silent]]. In Medieval Europe, early forms of mime such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummers_Play mu
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• Zero
  French or Italian; French ''zéro'', from Italian ''zero'', from Medieval Latin ''zephirum'', from Arabic ''ṣifr'' ...up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe, used the term ''zephyrum''. This became ''zefiro'' in Italian, which was c
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• Anthology
  ...ium], a Latin derivative for a collection of flowers, was used in medieval Europe for an anthology of Latin [[proverbs]] and textual excerpts. Shortly before
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• Crucible
  ...1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''corusible'', from Medieval Latin ''crucibulum'' earthen pot for melting metals ...iest crucible forms derive from the sixth/fifth millennium B.C. in Eastern Europe and Iran.
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• Compost
  Anglo-French, from Medieval Latin ''compostum'', from [[Latin]], neuter of ''compositus'', ''compostus' ...is fast overtaking composting in some parts of the world including central Europe as a primary means of downcycling waste organic matter.[https://en.wikipedi
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• Pilgrims
  ...stians]] secured the liberty of pilgrimage, on payment of a tax by treaty. Medieval military orders, such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar ...ty among the [[pagan]] [[population]] in Britain as well as in continental Europe.
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• Geomancy
  ...DDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''geomancie'', from Anglo-French, from Medieval Latin ''geomantia'', from Late Greek ''geōmanteia'', from Greek geō- + -m .... It was one of the most popular forms of divination throughout Africa and Europe, particularly during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
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• City
  ...OD Middle English] citie large or small town, from Anglo-French cité, from Medieval [[Latin]] civitat-, civitas, from Latin, [[citizenship]], [[state]], city ...th a royal charter. Historically, in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe], a city was [[understood]] to be an urban settlement with a [https://en.wi
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• Compass
  ...s was [[invented]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages medieval] Europe around 1300. This was supplanted in the early 20th century by the liquid-fi
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• Duel
  ...e=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English], from Medieval Latin ''duellum'', from Old Latin, [[war]] ....org/wiki/Early_Modern_Europe Early Modern Europe], with precedents in the medieval code of [[chivalry]], and continued into the [[modern]] period (19th to ear
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• Paraphrase
  ...most widely [[circulated]] versions of the [[Bible]] available in medieval Europe. Here, the [[purpose]] was not to render an exact rendition of the [[meanin
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• Wheel
  ...ivance or apparatus having as its principal part a wheel: as a : a chiefly medieval instrument of [[torture]] designed for mutilating a [[victim]] (as by stret ...[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maykop_culture Maykop] culture) and Central Europe, and so the question of which [[culture]] originally [[invented]] the wheel
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• Latin
  ...pally through the influence of the Church, it became the language of later medieval European scholars and philosophers. Because Latin is a highly inflectional
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• Coronation
  ...or [[worship]]; in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe Medieval Europe], monarchs claimed to have a [[divine]] right to rule. Coronations were onc
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• University
  ...e Italian Renaissance] of the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The medieval [[curriculum]] itself derived from the seven Roman liberal arts of [[logic] By the early modern period hundreds of universities had been founded in Europe by both secular and religious authorities, spreading from the Atlantic to R
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• Celt
  ...n Age Europe. Proto-Celtic culture formed in the Early Iron Age in Central Europe's Hallstatt period, named for the site in present-day Austria). By the late ...al Celtic languages ceased to be widely used by the sixth century. "Celtic Europe" today refers to the lands surrounding the Irish Sea, as well as [[Cornwall
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• Siege
  ...arly Modern period], siege warfare [[dominated]] the conduct of [[war]] in Europe. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci] gained [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval Medieval] [[campaigns]] were generally designed around a [[succession]] of sieges. I
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• Triad
  ...y Morgan le Fay] as a [[manifestation]] of a British triple goddess in the medieval romance [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight Sir ....org/wiki/Weaving_(mythology) spinners]" of destiny, are attested all over Europe and in Bronze Age Anatolia.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_deity]
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• Medieval Philosophy
  ...'' is the philosophy of Europe and the Middle East in the era now known as medieval or the [[Middle Ages]], the period roughly extending from the fall of the [ The [[history]] of medieval philosophy is traditionally divided into three main periods:
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• Guild
  ...association]] of people with similar interests or pursuits; especially : a medieval association of merchants or craftsmen ...u] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith Adam Smith], and all over Europe a [[tendency]] to oppose [[government]] [[control]] over trades in favour o
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• Knight
  ...onarch or country, especially in a [[military]] capacity. Historically, in Europe, knighthood has been conferred upon mounted [[warriors]]. During the [https ...nd their incongruity with the [[reality]] of Cervantes' world. In the late medieval period, new [[methods]] of warfare began to render classical knights in [[a
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• Romanticism
  ...tistic, [[literary]], and [[intellectual]] [[movement]] that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the ...alism] and elements of art and [[narrative]] perceived to be authentically medieval in an attempt to [[escape]] the confines of [[population]] growth, [https:/
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• Betrothal
  In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe medieval Europe], in canon law, a betrothal could be formed by the exchange of [[vows]] in
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• Automatons
  ...al-Jazari]] provided a diagram of a peacock automotan in his treatises. In Europe, [[Roger Bacon]] built a talking android head (an ANDROID is a figure in hu ===Medieval===
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• Dialectic
  ...d Socratic method], Hindu, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upaya Buddhist], Medieval, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic#Hegelian_dialectic Hegelian diale
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• Primates
  ..._MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''primat'', from Anglo-French, from Medieval Latin ''primat''-, ''primas'' archbishop, from [[Latin]], [[leader]], from ...ough fossil evidence shows many other [[species]] were formerly present in Europe. New primate species are still being [[discovered]], more than 25 species w
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• Spittle
  ...ern [[Greek]] σπιτάλι; also medieval Latin spitalerius (1342 in Du Cange), medieval Greek σπιταλιώτης (c1350) ...ve]] [[agent]]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe southern Europe], [[praise]] is sometimes accompanied by spitting to avert the [https://en.
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• Byzantine
  ...er the Turks or the West, nor could it unite the divided powers of eastern Europe to resist the Turkish onslaught. ...iev, History of the Byzantine Empire (Madison, Wisc., 1952). The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 4.1–2, ed. J.M. Hussey (Cambridge 1966).
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• Papyrus
  Papyrus was replaced in Europe by the cheaper, locally produced products [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa ...in 1752. Before that date, the only papyri known were a few surviving from medieval times.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus]
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• Carthusian
  The best preserved remains of a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[Charterhouse]] in the UK are at [[Mount Grace Priory]] near Osmotherley ...buildings are in use as part of a local college. Inside the building is a medieval wall painting, alongside many carvings and wooden beams. Nearby is the rive
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• Tapestry
  Tapestry reached a new stage in Europe in the early fourteenth century AD. The first wave of production originated ...e wool tapestries which were sold to decorate palaces and castles all over Europe. Few of these tapestries survived the French Revolution as hundreds were bu
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• Superstition
  To European medieval [[scholars]] the [[word]] was applied to any [[beliefs]] outside of or in o ...ent religion of the practicer. As an example, during the Christianizing of Europe, [[pagan]] symbols to ward off evil were replaced with the Christian cross.
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• Charity
  ...t of charity may offer to [[pray]] for the benefactor; indeed, in medieval Europe, it was customary to feast the poor at the funeral in return for their pray
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• Quentin Skinner
  ...odern Political Thought'' 1978, the 'pre-Humanist' ''dictatores'' of later medieval Italy, through [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], and more recently (in ''Liberty be ...an Heritage, Volume I: Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
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• Transportation
  ...roadbeds of crushed stone underneath ensured that the roads kept dry. The medieval [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate Caliphate] later built [https://en ...pedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen Shinkansen] in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia and Europe started taking passengers on long-haul routes from airlines.[https://en.wik
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• Empire
  ...h c.), at the weak end, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (8th c.–19th c.), in its Medieval and early-modern forms, and the [[Byzantine Empire]] (15th c.), that was a ...erlord. The Romans successfully imposed [[Latin]] upon Western continental Europe, but less successfully in Britain and in Western Asia; in the Middle East,
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• Intellectual History
  ==Europe and the West== ...rl]]. Engaged with the intellectual prominence of fascism and socialism in Europe during in the 1930s and 1940s, which they saw needed both repudiation and s
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