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...tps://0-apps.brepolis.net.catalog.sewanee.edu/bmb/search.cfm International Medieval Bibliography (English)]''''' Index of sources on the European Middle Ages, covering Europe, the Middle East and North Africa in the period 400-1500.

...ons of Western history: Antiquity, Medieval period, and Modern period. The Medieval period is itself subdivided into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_M ...rolingian dynasty], briefly established an empire covering much of Western Europe; the Carolingian Empire in the later 8th and early 9th century, when it suc

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages medieval Europe], fealty was sworn between two people, the obliged person (vassal) and a pe ...ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japan#Feudal_Japan_.281185-1603.29 medieval Japan], as well as in [[modern]] [[political]] [[contexts]].

...eval Latin have played a considerable role in distributing proverbs across Europe, although almost every [[culture]] has examples of its own.[https://en.wiki

...South America, slavery was the engine that drove the mercantile empires of Europe. The institution was as old as time - finding explicit sanction in the Bibl ...ope, who were the last ethnic group to be captured and enslaved in Central Europe.[6][7] For thousands of years, according to Adam Smith and Auguste Comte, a

...nners]]. In the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages] in Europe, the [[behaviour]] expected of the gentry was compiled in [https://en.wikip In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_India medieval India] too, [[nobility]] and [[royalty]] were expected to display courteous

...ish], from Middle French & Medieval Latin; Middle French ''clairon'', from Medieval Latin ''clarion''-, ''clario'', from [[Latin]] ''clarus'' [[clear]] ...us'' (bright or clear), and the verb ''claro'' (to make clear). Throughout Europe, an [[eclectic]] set of variations on clarion came into use. The [[meaning]

''''Scriptorium'''' is commonly used to refer to a room in medieval European [[monasteries]] devoted to the copying of manuscripts by monastic ...f the [[Cistercian]] order at [[Cîteaux]], one of the best-documented high-medieval scriptoria, developed a "house style" in the first half of the twelfth cent

...le fairy tales] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe medieval Europe], [[beggars]] cast [[curses]] on anyone who was insulting or stingy towards

In medieval Europe, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_combat trial by combat], trial ...ants]]—presumably innocent—could pass them. If this [[theory]] is correct, medieval [[superstition]] was actually a useful [[motivating]] [[force]] for [[justi

...g Age [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune runic] inscriptions and in later medieval writings in set [[expressions]] such as the phrasal verb ''fara í víkin'' ...ulture, Viking art, Viking religion, Viking ship, and so on. The people of medieval Scandinavia are also referred to as Norse, although this term properly appl

...driven from the city, and the ghetto burned. Recently, the remains of the medieval [[synagogue]] have been discovered beneath newer buildings, and are being r

...ish] faculte, from Anglo-French faculté, from Medieval Latin & [[Latin]]; Medieval Latin facultat-, facultas branch of [[learning]] or [[teaching]], from Lat ...[privilege]] to [[establish]] these four faculties was usually part of all medieval charters for [[universities]], but not every university could in [[reality]

...imus'', although performances were not necessarily [[silent]]. In Medieval Europe, early forms of mime such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummers_Play mu

French or Italian; French ''zéro'', from Italian ''zero'', from Medieval Latin ''zephirum'', from Arabic ''ṣifr'' ...up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe, used the term ''zephyrum''. This became ''zefiro'' in Italian, which was c

...ium], a Latin derivative for a collection of flowers, was used in medieval Europe for an anthology of Latin [[proverbs]] and textual excerpts. Shortly before

...1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''corusible'', from Medieval Latin ''crucibulum'' earthen pot for melting metals ...iest crucible forms derive from the sixth/fifth millennium B.C. in Eastern Europe and Iran.

Anglo-French, from Medieval Latin ''compostum'', from [[Latin]], neuter of ''compositus'', ''compostus' ...is fast overtaking composting in some parts of the world including central Europe as a primary means of downcycling waste organic matter.[https://en.wikipedi

...stians]] secured the liberty of pilgrimage, on payment of a tax by treaty. Medieval military orders, such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar ...ty among the [[pagan]] [[population]] in Britain as well as in continental Europe.

...DDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''geomancie'', from Anglo-French, from Medieval Latin ''geomantia'', from Late Greek ''geōmanteia'', from Greek geō- + -m .... It was one of the most popular forms of divination throughout Africa and Europe, particularly during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

...OD Middle English] citie large or small town, from Anglo-French cité, from Medieval [[Latin]] civitat-, civitas, from Latin, [[citizenship]], [[state]], city ...th a royal charter. Historically, in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe], a city was [[understood]] to be an urban settlement with a [https://en.wi

...s was [[invented]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages medieval] Europe around 1300. This was supplanted in the early 20th century by the liquid-fi

...e=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English], from Medieval Latin ''duellum'', from Old Latin, [[war]] ....org/wiki/Early_Modern_Europe Early Modern Europe], with precedents in the medieval code of [[chivalry]], and continued into the [[modern]] period (19th to ear

...most widely [[circulated]] versions of the [[Bible]] available in medieval Europe. Here, the [[purpose]] was not to render an exact rendition of the [[meanin

...ivance or apparatus having as its principal part a wheel: as a : a chiefly medieval instrument of [[torture]] designed for mutilating a [[victim]] (as by stret ...[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maykop_culture Maykop] culture) and Central Europe, and so the question of which [[culture]] originally [[invented]] the wheel

...pally through the influence of the Church, it became the language of later medieval European scholars and philosophers. Because Latin is a highly inflectional

...or [[worship]]; in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe Medieval Europe], monarchs claimed to have a [[divine]] right to rule. Coronations were onc

...e Italian Renaissance] of the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The medieval [[curriculum]] itself derived from the seven Roman liberal arts of [[logic] By the early modern period hundreds of universities had been founded in Europe by both secular and religious authorities, spreading from the Atlantic to R

...n Age Europe. Proto-Celtic culture formed in the Early Iron Age in Central Europe's Hallstatt period, named for the site in present-day Austria). By the late ...al Celtic languages ceased to be widely used by the sixth century. "Celtic Europe" today refers to the lands surrounding the Irish Sea, as well as [[Cornwall

...arly Modern period], siege warfare [[dominated]] the conduct of [[war]] in Europe. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci] gained [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval Medieval] [[campaigns]] were generally designed around a [[succession]] of sieges. I

...y Morgan le Fay] as a [[manifestation]] of a British triple goddess in the medieval romance [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight Sir ....org/wiki/Weaving_(mythology) spinners]" of destiny, are attested all over Europe and in Bronze Age Anatolia.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_deity]

...'' is the philosophy of Europe and the Middle East in the era now known as medieval or the [[Middle Ages]], the period roughly extending from the fall of the [ The [[history]] of medieval philosophy is traditionally divided into three main periods:

...association]] of people with similar interests or pursuits; especially : a medieval association of merchants or craftsmen ...u] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith Adam Smith], and all over Europe a [[tendency]] to oppose [[government]] [[control]] over trades in favour o

...onarch or country, especially in a [[military]] capacity. Historically, in Europe, knighthood has been conferred upon mounted [[warriors]]. During the [https ...nd their incongruity with the [[reality]] of Cervantes' world. In the late medieval period, new [[methods]] of warfare began to render classical knights in [[a

...tistic, [[literary]], and [[intellectual]] [[movement]] that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the ...alism] and elements of art and [[narrative]] perceived to be authentically medieval in an attempt to [[escape]] the confines of [[population]] growth, [https:/

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe medieval Europe], in canon law, a betrothal could be formed by the exchange of [[vows]] in

...al-Jazari]] provided a diagram of a peacock automotan in his treatises. In Europe, [[Roger Bacon]] built a talking android head (an ANDROID is a figure in hu ===Medieval===

...d Socratic method], Hindu, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upaya Buddhist], Medieval, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic#Hegelian_dialectic Hegelian diale

..._MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''primat'', from Anglo-French, from Medieval Latin ''primat''-, ''primas'' archbishop, from [[Latin]], [[leader]], from ...ough fossil evidence shows many other [[species]] were formerly present in Europe. New primate species are still being [[discovered]], more than 25 species w

...ern [[Greek]] σπιτάλι; also medieval Latin spitalerius (1342 in Du Cange), medieval Greek σπιταλιώτης (c1350) ...ve]] [[agent]]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe southern Europe], [[praise]] is sometimes accompanied by spitting to avert the [https://en.

...er the Turks or the West, nor could it unite the divided powers of eastern Europe to resist the Turkish onslaught. ...iev, History of the Byzantine Empire (Madison, Wisc., 1952). The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 4.1–2, ed. J.M. Hussey (Cambridge 1966).

Papyrus was replaced in Europe by the cheaper, locally produced products [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa ...in 1752. Before that date, the only papyri known were a few surviving from medieval times.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus]

The best preserved remains of a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[Charterhouse]] in the UK are at [[Mount Grace Priory]] near Osmotherley ...buildings are in use as part of a local college. Inside the building is a medieval wall painting, alongside many carvings and wooden beams. Nearby is the rive

Tapestry reached a new stage in Europe in the early fourteenth century AD. The first wave of production originated ...e wool tapestries which were sold to decorate palaces and castles all over Europe. Few of these tapestries survived the French Revolution as hundreds were bu

To European medieval [[scholars]] the [[word]] was applied to any [[beliefs]] outside of or in o ...ent religion of the practicer. As an example, during the Christianizing of Europe, [[pagan]] symbols to ward off evil were replaced with the Christian cross.

...t of charity may offer to [[pray]] for the benefactor; indeed, in medieval Europe, it was customary to feast the poor at the funeral in return for their pray

...odern Political Thought'' 1978, the 'pre-Humanist' ''dictatores'' of later medieval Italy, through [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], and more recently (in ''Liberty be ...an Heritage, Volume I: Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2002)

...roadbeds of crushed stone underneath ensured that the roads kept dry. The medieval [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate Caliphate] later built [https://en ...pedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen Shinkansen] in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia and Europe started taking passengers on long-haul routes from airlines.[https://en.wik

...h c.), at the weak end, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (8th c.–19th c.), in its Medieval and early-modern forms, and the [[Byzantine Empire]] (15th c.), that was a ...erlord. The Romans successfully imposed [[Latin]] upon Western continental Europe, but less successfully in Britain and in Western Asia; in the Middle East,

==Europe and the West== ...rl]]. Engaged with the intellectual prominence of fascism and socialism in Europe during in the 1930s and 1940s, which they saw needed both repudiation and s

...and the modern university. There are at least two models of academia: a [[Europe]]an model developed since ancient times, as well as an [[United States|Amer ...stic]] thought in the first [[Medieval university|universities in medieval Europe]].

...al writing (for example, "medieval historiography during the 1960s" means "medieval history written during the 1960s"). Historiography can also be taken to mea ...rical traditions and sophisticated use of historical method in ancient and medieval [[China]]. The groundwork for professional historiography in [[East Asia]]

...ant differences, both religious and philosophical, distinguish ancient and medieval from much of modern Jewish thought, the subject matter of Jewish philosophy == Medieval Jewish philosophy ==

** In some [[medieval]] Greek and Latin sources, ''theologia'' (in the sense of "an account or re ...recent decades also been taken on by a number of academic institutions in Europe, such as the [[Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies]] and [[Bhaktivedanta Colleg

...ation.[5] Elsewhere in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages medieval Europe], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesalius Vesalius] (1514-1564) and [https: ...o-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", Revista de neurología 34 (9), p. 877-892.

...ry Suso, he has gained a large following in recent years. In his study of medieval humanism, [[Richard Southern]] includes him along with [[Saint Bede the Ven ...y some of continuing his ministry in anonymity. However there is no single medieval source giving evidence of this suspicion.

The traditions outside Europe did not survive into the modern era: in China, the tradition of scholarly i During the medieval period, major efforts were made to show that Aristotle's ideas were compati

Since medieval times the episcopal see of Rome has been recognized as a [[sovereignty|sove ...Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

===Medieval era=== ...st to human will which is "conditioned by the [[intellect]]."[18] A common medieval [[belief]] was that those prone to anger had an excess of yellow bile or ch

...a) appears in the West from the twelfth century onward in reference to the medieval quest for a means of transmuting base metals into gold, for a universal cur ...lose their identity. One encounters the same belief in central and western Europe: certain Hermetists and alchemists (such as Nicolas Flamel and his wife, Pe

Some consider [[Alchemy (Islam)|medieval Muslims]] to be the earliest chemists, who introduced precise [[observation ...ders of chemistry."}}</ref> The works of Geber became more widely known in Europe through [[Latin]] translations by a [[pseudo-Geber]] in 14th century [[Spai

...ented by the works of [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]], was diffused throughout Europe and the Middle East by the conquests of [[Alexander of Macedon]] in the [[4 Eastern art has generally worked in a style akin to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning

Religions studies originated in late 19th century in Europe, when scholarly and historical [[analysis]] of the [[Bible]] had flourished ...odern natural science and technology that has been spreading from Northern Europe since the Renaissance;

...ure outside of the monastery really develops in these university-cities in Europe in this time. It is around the first universities that new structures of pr The use of paper diffused through Europe in the fourteenth century. This material, less expensive than parchment, ca

...cal concept of [[covenant]], it is developed further in the [[Talmud]], in medieval philosophical and mystical writings, and in modern literary and theological ...ice." One finds these [[ideas]] articulated further in the works of such [[medieval]] thinkers as Sa‘adyah Gaon, Avraham ibn Daud, Hasdai Crescas, and Isaac

Eastern art has generally worked in a style akin to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning ...ented by the works of [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]], was diffused throughout Europe and the Middle East by the conquests of [[Alexander of Macedon]] in the [[4

..., which one could describe as the first rise of the novel, occurred across Europe, though only the Spanish and the English went one step further and allowed ...on focusing on love stories and the individual, have been composed outside Europe centuries before comparable works came to be written by western authors. No

Several medieval scholars were credited as magicians in popular legend, notably [[Gerbert d' ...ged by the church, but remained widespread in folk religion throughout the medieval period. Magical [[thinking]] became syncretized with Christian dogma, expre

..., Mass., 1963. In other societies, such as [[ancient Egypt]] or [[medieval Europe]], literacy has been a domain confined to political and religious elites.

...going through 'doomsday'. And a relatively vivid [[portrayal]] of what the medieval mind thought '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_times doomsday]' to be. Ar

...prominence to a prophetic interpretation of psalms. And later, during the medieval period, qabbalist interpretation of the Bible elevated not only the revelat During the modern period in Europe public recognition of biblical prophecy has dwindled along with certain oth

...ed Corpus Juris Civilis, and its influence began to be felt across Western Europe. In 1388, the word ''civil'' appeared in English meaning "of or related to ...Central Civilization later expanded to include the entire Middle East and Europe, and then expanded to a global scale with European colonization, integratin

...George Bush is president of the United States in 2004, then Germany is in Europe.'' ...e Washington is president of the United States in 2004, then Germany is in Europe.''

...ism'' was first used to describe a self-avowed belief in late 18th-century Europe, specifically denoting disbelief in the monotheistic [[Abraham]]ic god. In ...ews was rare in Europe during the Early Middle Ages and Middle Ages (see [[Medieval Inquisition]]); metaphysics, religion and theology were the dominant intere

...ct [[Semitic]] ([[Asia]]n), [[Hamitic]] ([[Africa]]n), and [[Japhetic]] ([[Europe]]an) peoples. ...to have had as much influence upon their social structures as was found in Europe and the parts of the world colonized by Europeans. However, often brutal co

...tions, that appear to the more scientifically-minded as some resurgence of Medieval beliefs. This is the polarization I mentioned. You are encountering how sin ...tures which have been isolated for many centuries, such as that of Western Europe and the United States, the Middle East, The Far East, and India. There is w

...do precisely that: The sacred mountains of China, the Gothic cathedrals of Europe, and the sources and the estuaries of India's holy rivers have a [[beauty]] ...casionally characterizes it as a place of particular access to divinity. A medieval tradition describes the Black Stone embedded in the Ka‘bah as God's right

...estimated that the bulk of the souls now trapped on Urantia date from the medieval ...ument: Mercy Sweep Announcement and Field Report No. 2 Grid Cleansing from Europe -

...g the Middle Ages, observational astronomy was mostly stagnant in medieval Europe, at least until the 13th century. However, observational astronomy flourish

According to the conception of classical writers, taken over by medieval theorists, harmony was a combining of intervals in an octave scale – a sc ...as a structural principle is just as much an intrinsic part of ancient and medieval music as it is of the tonal system of modern times. The two-note consonance