|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | [[Image:lighterstill.jpg]] | + | [[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[File:Tate_Britain.jpg|right|frame]] |
| − | [[Image:Tate-logo.jpg|right|frame|The logo of Tate, used in different colours for the 4 galleries. This colour is for Tate Modern.]] | |
| − | '''Tate''' is the [[United Kingdom]]'s national museum of British and Modern Art, and is a network of four art galleries in [[England]]: [[Tate Britain]] (opened in 1897 and renamed in 2000), [[Tate Liverpool]] (1988), [[Tate St Ives]] (1993) and [[Tate Modern]] (2000), with a complementary website, Tate Online (1998). It is a [[Non-Departmental Public Body]].
| |
| | | | |
| − | Tate is used as the operating name for the corporate body which was established by the [[Museums and Galleries Act 1992]] as '''The Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery'''. | + | '''The Tate''' is an [[institution]] that houses the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom United Kingdom]'s national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is a network of four art museums: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Britain Tate Britain], London (until 2000 known as the Tate Gallery, founded 1897), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Liverpool Tate Liverpool] (founded 1988), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_St_Ives Tate St Ives], Cornwall (founded 1993) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Modern Tate Modern], London (founded 2000), with a complementary website, Tate Online (created 1998). Tate is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport Department for Culture, Media and Sport]. |
| | | | |
| − | The Tate was founded in 1897 as the '''National Gallery of British Art'''. When its role was changed to include [[Modern Art]] it was renamed the Tate Gallery after [[Henry Tate]], who had laid the foundations for the collection. The Tate Gallery was housed in a building at [[Millbank]], [[London]]. In 2000, the Tate Gallery split its collection into four museums: [[Tate Britain]] (housed in the original building) displays the collection of British art from 1500 to the present day; [[Tate Modern]] which is also in London, houses the Tate's collection of British and International Modern and Contemporary Art from 1900 to the present day. [[Tate Liverpool]], in [[Liverpool]] has the same purpose as [[Tate Modern]] but on a smaller scale, and [[Tate St Ives]] displays Modern and Contemporary Art by artists who have connections with the area. All four museums share the Tate Collection. One of the Tate's most publicised art events is the annual [[Turner Prize]], which takes place at [[Tate Britain]].
| + | Tate is used as the operating name for the corporate body, which was established by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museums_and_Galleries_Act_1992 Museums and Galleries Act 1992] as The Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery. |
| | | | |
| − | ==History and development==
| + | The gallery was founded in 1897, as the ''National Gallery of British Art''. When its role was changed to include the national collection of modern art as well as the national collection of British art, in 1932, it was renamed the ''Tate Gallery'' after sugar magnate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Tate Henry Tate] of Tate & Lyle, who had laid the foundations for the collection. The Tate Gallery was housed in the current building occupied by Tate Britain, which is situated in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millbank Millbank], London. In 2000, the Tate Gallery transformed itself into the current-day Tate, or the Tate Modern, which consists of a federation of four museums: Tate Britain, which displays the collection of British art from 1500 to the present day; Tate Modern, which is also in London, houses the Tate's collection of British and international modern and contemporary art from 1900 to the present day. Tate Liverpool, in Liverpool has the same purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale, and Tate St Ives displays modern and contemporary art by artists who have connections with the area. All four museums share the Tate Collection. One of the Tate's most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Prize Turner Prize], which takes place at Tate Britain. |
| − | [[Image:Tate.jpg|right|frame|The original Tate Gallery, now named Tate Britain]]
| |
| − | The original Tate [[art gallery]] was called the National Gallery of British Art, and was situated on [[Millbank]], [[Pimlico]], [[London]] on the site of the former [[Millbank Prison]]. The idea of a National Gallery of British Art was first proposed in the 1820s by Sir John Leicester, Baron de Tabley. It took a step nearer when Robert Vernon gave his collection to the [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]] in 1847. A decade later John Sheepshanks gave his collection to the [[South Kensington Museum]] (later the [[Victoria & Albert Museum]]), known for years as the National Gallery of Art (the same title as the Tate Gallery had). Forty years later [[Henry Tate]] who was a sugar magnate and a major collector of [[Victorian era|Victorian]] art, offered to fund the building of the gallery to house British Art on the condition that the State pay for the site and revenue costs. Henry Tate also gifted the gallery his own collection. It was initially a collection solely of modern British art, concentrating on the works of modern—that is [[Victorian era]]—painters. It was controlled by the National Gallery until 1954.
| |
| − | | |
| − | In 1915, [[Hugh Lane]] bequeathed his collection of European Modern Art to Dublin, but controversially this went to the Tate, which expanded its collection to include foreign art and continued to acquire contemporary art. In 1926 and 1937 the art dealer and patron [[Joseph Duveen]] paid for two major expansions of the gallery building. His father had earlier paid for an extension to house the major part of the Turner Bequest, which in 1987 was transferred to a wing paid for by [[Charles Clore|Sir Charles Clore]]. Henry Courtauld also endowed Tate with a purchase fund. By the mid 20th century it was fulfilling a dual function of showing the history of British art as well as international Modern art. In 1954 the Tate Gallery was finally separated from the National Gallery.
| |
| − | | |
| − | During the 1950s and 1960s, the visual arts department of the [[Arts Council of Great Britain]] funded and organised temporary exhibitions at the Tate Gallery including in 1966 a retrospective of [[Marcel Duchamp]]. Later the Tate began organising its own temporary exhibition programme. In 1979 with funding from a Japanese bank a large modern extension was opened that would also house larger income generating exhibitions. In 1987 the Clore Wing opened to house the major part of the Turner bequest and also provided a 200 seat auditorium. (The 'Centenary Development' in 2001 provided improved access and public amenities.)
| |
| − | | |
| − | In 1988 an outpost in the North West England opened as [[Tate Liverpool]]. This shows various works from the London Tates as well as mounting its own temporary displays. In 2007 Tate Liverpool hosted the [[Turner Prize]], the first time this has been held outside London. This is an overture to Liverpool's being the [[European Capital of Culture]] 2008.
| |
| − | | |
| − | In 1993 another offshoot opened, [[Tate St Ives]]. It exhibits work by modern British artists, particularly those of the [[St Ives School]]. Additionally the Tate also manages the [[Barbara Hepworth Museum|Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden]] which opened in 1980.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Neither of these two new Tates had a significant effect on the functioning of the original London Tate Gallery, whose size was increasingly proving a constraint as the collection grew. It was a logical step to separate the "British" and "Modern" aspects of the collection, and they are now housed in separate buildings in London. The original gallery is now called Tate Britain and is the national gallery for British art from 1500 to the present day, as well as some modern British art. [[Tate Modern]], in [[Bankside Power Station]] on the south side of the [[River Thames|Thames]], opened in 2000 and now exhibits the national collection of modern art from 1900 to the present day, including some modern British art. In its first year, Tate Modern was the most popular museum in the world, with 5,250,000 visitors.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Sir [[Nicholas Serota]] has been the director of the Tate since 1988.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Tate Online==
| |
| − | Tate Online is the Tate's web site. Since its launch in 1998, the site has provided information on all four physical Tate galleries (Tate Britain, Tate St Ives, Tate Liverpool and Tate Modern) under the same domain. Tate Online helps visitors prepare and extend visits to the physical sites but also acts as a destination in its own right. Other resources include illustrated information on all works in Tate's Collection of British and Modern international art, structured and informal e-learning opportunities for all visitors, over 400 hours of archived webcast events, all articles from the magazine, ''[[TATE ETC.]]'' and a series of bespoke net art commissions. [[BT Group|BT]] has been the exclusive sponsor of Tate Online since 2001.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Tate in Space was created in 2002 as an online artwork by artist [[Susan Alexis Collins]] in collaboration with the Tate. The web pages appear as part of the Tate Online web pages, alongside the pages for physical art galleries such as Tate Modern and Tate Liverpool. Tate in Space is interactive fiction, with each participant bringing their own fantasies to the project. There are also contributions from space art historians, architects and space scientists, so that the site blending fact and fiction. It was nominated in the Interactive Art category for the 2003 [[BAFTA]] Interactive awards.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Administration==
| |
| − | | |
| − | The Tate receives annual funding from the [[Department for Culture, Media & Sport]]. It is administered by a board of trustees, who are responsible for the running of the gallery and appoint the Director (for a period of seven years). Under the [[Charities Act 1993]], the Tate is an [[exempt charity]] accountable directly to Government rather than the [[Charities Commission]] for financial returns etc. However, the Trustees are still expected to follow the broad responsibilities of charity trustees, and may be subject to Charity Commission oversight on these elements of their activities.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Various bodies have been set up to support the Tate including Tate Members for the general public, where a yearly fee gives rights such as free entry to charging exhibitions and members rooms. There is also Tate Patrons for a higher subscription fee and the Tate Foundation. There are a number of corporate sponsors. In addition individual shows are often sponsored.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The [[Outset Contemporary Art Fund]] was established in 2003 by Tate patrons, Yana Peel and Candida Gertler, in collaboration with the [[Frieze Art Fair]], to buy works from the fair for the Tate.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Controversies==
| |
| − | | |
| − | In the 19th century, there was dispute over the acquisitions made with the [[Francis Chantrey|Chantrey]] bequest and accusations that favouritism resulted in the purchase of dull work by [[Royal Academy|Royal Academicians]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | In 1971, an exhibition by [[Robert Morris (artist)|Robert Morris]] was closed after one day due to health and safety concerns.
| |
| − | | |
| − | In 1972, the Tate Gallery purchased a work by [[Carl Andre]] called '[[Equivalent VIII]]'. During a 1976 exhibition of the work The Times newspaper published an article using the work to complain about institutional waste of taxpayers' money. The article made the piece infamous and it was subjected to ridicule in the media and vandalism. The work is still popularly known as "The Bricks", and has entered the British public lexicon.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Each year, the [[Turner Prize]] is held at a Tate Gallery (historically at Tate Britain) and is awarded to an artist under 50 who is either British or primarily working in Great Britain. It is the subject of great controversy and creates much media attention for [[Art of the United Kingdom#Contemporary British art|contemporary British art]], as well as attracting [[Stuckist demonstrations|demonstrations]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | In 1995, it was revealed that the Tate had accepted a gift of £20,000 from art fraudster [[John Drewe]]. The gallery had given Drewe access to its archives which he then used to forge documents authenticating fake modern paintings that he then sold.
| |
| − | | |
| − | In 1998, Sir [[Nicholas Serota]], director of Tate, conceived ''Operation Cobalt'', the secret and ultimately successful buyback of two of the Tate's paintings by [[J. M. W. Turner]] that had been stolen from a German gallery in 1994. See [[Frankfurt art theft (1994)]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Charles Saatchi]] stated that an offer of a major gift of works was rejected by Serota. Serota responded that no such offer had been made.
| |
| − | | |
| − | In 2005 the [[Stuckism|Stuckists]] offered a donation of 175 paintings which had [[The Stuckists Punk Victorian|been exhibited]] at the [[Walker Art Gallery]]. This was rejected and the Tate was accused of "snubbing one of Britain’s foremost collections".<ref>Alberge, Dalya (2005)[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1710820,00.html "Tate rejects £500,000 gift from 'unoriginal' Stuckists"], ''[[The Times]]'', [[28 July]] [[2005]]. Retrieved [[10 July]] [[2007]].</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | In 2005, there was a scandal over the Tate's purchase of its trustee [[Chris Ofili]]'s work ''[[The Upper Room (paintings)|The Upper Room]]'' for £705,000, and accusations of conflict of interest.<ref name=ofilipress>[http://www.stuckism.com/Tate/OfiliPress.html Press coverage of The Upper Room scandal] Retrieved 19 March, 2006</ref> In July 2006 the [[Charity Commission]] completed an investigation into this and censured the gallery for acting outside its legal powers.<ref>Alberge, Dalya (2006)[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2275993_1,00.html "Tate's Ofili purchase broke charity law"] ''The Times'' online, July 19, 2006. Accessed July 19, 2006</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | In 2006 a legal opinion was given that the Tate and National Gallery have no legal right to ownership of the Turner Bequest, as Turner's conditions for that had never been fulfilled and are still binding.<ref>[http://www.jmwturner.org jmwturner.org]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | In 2006, it was revealed that the Tate was the only national-funded museum not to be accredited to the [[Museums, Libraries and Archives Council]] (MLA), as it did not wish to abide by guidelines that deaccessioned work should first be offered to other museums. The MLA threatened to bar the Tate from acquiring works under the Acceptance in Lieu (AIL) scheme, whereby works are given to the nation to settle inheritance tax. 1,800 museums are accredited to the MLA.<ref name=artnewspaper>[http://www.theartnewspaper.com/article01.asp?id=212 The Art Newspaper] Retrieved 19 March, 2006</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | == See also ==
| |
| − | *[[Turner Prize]]
| |
| − | *[[TATE ETC.]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==References==
| |
| − | #Alberge, Dalya (2005)"Tate rejects £500,000 gift from 'unoriginal' Stuckists", The Times, 28 July 2005. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
| |
| − | #Press coverage of The Upper Room scandal Retrieved 19 March, 2006
| |
| − | #Alberge, Dalya (2006)"Tate's Ofili purchase broke charity law" The Times online, July 19, 2006. Accessed July 19, 2006
| |
| − | #jmwturner.org
| |
| − | #The Art Newspaper Retrieved 19 March, 2006
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | *[http://www.tate.org.uk/ Tate Online] — 65,000 works from the Tate Collection online, information on Tate's exhibitions and events programmes, and online learning resources.
| |
| − | *[http://www.tate.org.uk/tateetc/ TATE ETC. Magazine]
| |
| − | *[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/BrowseGroup?cgroupid=999999953 Turner Worldwide] - an ongoing online cataloguing of JMW Turner's work around the world.
| |
| − | *[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/BrowseGroup?cgroupid=999999998 Turner Collection Online] The online catalogue of Tate's collection of nearly 300 oil paintings and 30,000 works on paper by JMW Turner.
| |
| − | *[http://www.tate.org.uk/research/researchservices/archive/archiverecords.htm Tate Gallery Records] Tate's own historical records.
| |
| − | *[http://www.tate.org.uk/podcasts/ Tate Podcasts] Audio and video podcasts from Tate.
| |
| − | *[http://www.tate.org.uk/space/ Tate in Space]
| |
| − | *[http://www.turnermuseum.org/ Turner Museum]
| |
| | | | |
| | [[Category: The Arts]] | | [[Category: The Arts]] |
The Tate is an institution that houses the United Kingdom's national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is a network of four art museums: Tate Britain, London (until 2000 known as the Tate Gallery, founded 1897), Tate Liverpool (founded 1988), Tate St Ives, Cornwall (founded 1993) and Tate Modern, London (founded 2000), with a complementary website, Tate Online (created 1998). Tate is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Tate is used as the operating name for the corporate body, which was established by the Museums and Galleries Act 1992 as The Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery.
The gallery was founded in 1897, as the National Gallery of British Art. When its role was changed to include the national collection of modern art as well as the national collection of British art, in 1932, it was renamed the Tate Gallery after sugar magnate Henry Tate of Tate & Lyle, who had laid the foundations for the collection. The Tate Gallery was housed in the current building occupied by Tate Britain, which is situated in Millbank, London. In 2000, the Tate Gallery transformed itself into the current-day Tate, or the Tate Modern, which consists of a federation of four museums: Tate Britain, which displays the collection of British art from 1500 to the present day; Tate Modern, which is also in London, houses the Tate's collection of British and international modern and contemporary art from 1900 to the present day. Tate Liverpool, in Liverpool has the same purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale, and Tate St Ives displays modern and contemporary art by artists who have connections with the area. All four museums share the Tate Collection. One of the Tate's most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual Turner Prize, which takes place at Tate Britain.
