Difference between revisions of "The Hague"

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[[Image:International Court of Justice.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|The International Court of Justice also called the [[Peace Palace]]]]
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[[Image:International Court of Justice.jpg|right|frame|<center>The International Court of Justice also called the Peace Palace</center>]]
  
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'''The Hague''' (with capital T; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: [[Image:Ltspkr.png]]'''[[Media:Nl-Den Haag.ogg|Den Haag]]''', officially also [[Image:Ltspkr.png]]'''[[Media:Nl-'s-Gravenhage.ogg|'s-Gravenhage]]''', "The Count's Hedge") is the third-largest city in [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]] after [[Amsterdam]] and [[Rotterdam]], with a population of 475,580 (as of [[January 1]] [[2006]]) (population of [[agglomeration]]: 600,000) and an area of approximately 100 km². It is located in the west of the country, in the province of [[South Holland]], of which it is also the provincial capital. The Hague is, like Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Utrecht, part of the conglomerate metropolitan area [[Randstad]], with a population of 6,659,300 inhabitants.
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'''The Hague''' with capital T', (also', "The Count's Hedge") is the third-largest city in the Netherlands]] after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. It is located in the west of the country, in the province of South Holland, of which it is also the provincial capital. The Hague is, like Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Utrecht, part of the conglomerate metropolitan area Randstad, with a population of 6,659,300 inhabitants.
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The Hague is the actual [[seat of government]], but, somewhat anomalously, not the official [[capital of the Netherlands]], a role set aside by the [[Constitution of the Netherlands|Dutch constitution]] for [[Amsterdam]].
 
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The Hague is the home of the ''[[Eerste Kamer]]'' (first chamber) and the ''[[Tweede Kamer]]'' (second chamber), respectively the [[Upper house|upper]] and [[lower house]]s forming the ''[[States-General of the Netherlands|Staten Generaal]]'' (literally the "Estates-General"). [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Queen Beatrix]] of the Netherlands lives and works in The Hague. All foreign [[embassy|embassies]] and [[Ministry (government department)|government ministries]] are located in the city, as well as the ''[[Hoge Raad der Nederlanden]]'' (The Supreme Court), the ''[[Dutch Council of State|Raad van State]]'' (Council of State) and many [[lobbying]] organisations.
 
  
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The Hague is the actual seat of government, but, somewhat anomalously, not the official capital of the Netherlands, a role set aside by the Dutch [[constitution]]]for Amsterdam. The Hague is the home of the ''Eerste Kamer'' (first chamber) and the ''[Tweede Kamer'' (second chamber), respectively the upper and lower houses forming the ''Staten Generaal'' (literally the "Estates-General"). Queen Beatrix]] of the Netherlands lives and works in The Hague. All foreign embassies and government ministriesare located in the city, as well as the ''Hoge Raad der Nederlanden''' (The Supreme Court), the ''Raad van State'' (Council of State) and many lobbying organisations.
 
== History ==
 
== History ==
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The Hague was founded in 1248 by William II, Count of Holland and '' King of the Romans or Rex Romanorum'', who was supposed to become [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. He started the construction of a castle in a forest near the sea in Holland, where he intended to live after his coronation. He died in battle before he could be crowned. His castle was not finished, but parts of it remain and are now called the Ridderzaal (Knights' Hall). It is still in use for [[political]] events, such as the annual speech from the throne by the monarch.
  
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The Hague was founded in 1248 by [[Count Willem II of Holland|William II]], [[Count of Holland]] and ''[[King of the Romans|Rex Romanorum]]'', who was supposed to become [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. He started the construction of a castle in a forest near the sea in Holland, where he intended to live after his coronation. He died in battle before he could be crowned. His castle was not finished, but parts of it remain and are now called the [[Ridderzaal]] (Knights' Hall). It is still in use for political events, such as the annual speech from the throne by the monarch.
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Later, the counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative centre. 'Des Graven Hage' literally means "the count's hedge" or "the count's private enclosure". The powerful cities of Holland, like Leiden, Delft, and Dordrecht, struck a compromise to choose the then small and unimportant village of The Hague as their administrative centre. This policy was never changed, and The Hague is to this day the center of government but not the official capital.
  
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Later, the [[count]]s of [[Holland]] used The Hague as their administrative centre. 'Des Graven Hage' literally means "the count's hedge" or "the count's private enclosure". The powerful cities of Holland, like [[Leiden]], [[Delft]], and [[Dordrecht]], struck a compromise to choose the then small and unimportant village of The Hague as their administrative centre. This policy was never changed, and The Hague is to this day the center of government but not the official capital.
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To keep The Hague small, it was not allowed city rights or allowed to build city walls. When city walls were finally allowed in the 1500s, the population decided to use the [[money]] to build a city hall instead of city walls. This proved disastrous during the [[Eighty Years' War]], as it allowed Spanish troops to easily occupy the town.  
  
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To keep The Hague small, it was not allowed city rights or allowed to build city walls. When city walls were finally allowed in the 1500s, the population decided to use the money to build a city hall instead of city walls. This proved disastrous during the [[Eighty Years' War]], as it allowed Spanish troops to easily occupy the town.  
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The Hague was finally named a city by the French occupation force in 1806, centuries after other Dutch cities had received similar rights. All this has led to the urban legend that The Hague is not a city but a village.
  
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The Hague was finally [[City rights in the Netherlands|named a city]] by the [[France|French]] occupation force in 1806, centuries after other Dutch cities had received similar rights. All this has led to the urban legend that The Hague is not a city but a village.
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Because of its [[history]], it lacks a large historical inner city like the nearby cities of Leiden and Delft. But when the government started playing a more prominent role in Dutch [[society]] after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. The older parts of the city are therefore mostly from the 19th century and the early 20 th century. The growing city annexed the municipality of Loosduinen partly in 1903 and completely in 1923.
  
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Because of its history, it lacks a large historical inner city like the nearby cities of [[Leiden]] and [[Delft]]. But when the government started playing a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. The older parts of the city are therefore mostly from the 19<sup>th</sup> century and the early 20<sup>th</sup> century. The growing city annexed the municipality of [[Loosduinen]] partly in 1903 and completely in 1923.
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Parts of the city sustained heavy damage during [[World War II]]. The [[Atlantic Wall]] was built through part of the city, causing whole neighrhoods to be torn down by the German occupiers. On [[March 3 ,1945, the Royal Air Force mistakenly bombed the Bezuidenhout district. The target was an installation of V-2 rockets in a nearby park. Due to navigational errors, the bombs fell on a heavily populated and historic part of the city. Over 500 people died and the scars in the city can still be seen today.
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Parts of the city sustained heavy damage during [[World War II]]. The [[Atlantic Wall]] was built through part of the city, causing whole neighbourhoods to be torn down by the German occupiers. On [[March 3]] [[1945]], the [[Royal Air Force]] mistakenly bombed the [[Bezuidenhout]] district. The target was an installation of [[V-2 rocket]]s in a nearby park. Due to navigational errors, the bombs fell on a heavily populated and historic part of the city. Over 500 people died and the scars in the city can still be seen today.
 
  
 
After the war The Hague was at one point the largest building site in Europe. The city expanded massively to the southwest. The destroyed areas were also quickly rebuilt. The population peaked at 600,000 inhabitants around 1965.
 
After the war The Hague was at one point the largest building site in Europe. The city expanded massively to the southwest. The destroyed areas were also quickly rebuilt. The population peaked at 600,000 inhabitants around 1965.
  
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In the 1970s and 1980s the mostly white middle classes moved to neighbouring towns like [[Voorburg]], [[Leidschendam]], [[Rijswijk]] and most of all [[Zoetermeer]]. This led to the traditional pattern of an impoverished inner city and more prosperous suburbs. Attempts to include parts of the suburbs in The Hague were highly controversial. In the 1990s, with the consent of the Dutch Parliament, The Hague did succeed in annexing fairly large areas from its neighbouring towns on which complete new residential areas were built and are still being built.
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In the 1970s and 1980s the mostly white middle classes moved to neighboring towns like Voorburg, Leidschendam, Rijswijk and most of all Zoetermeer. This led to the [[tradition]]al [[pattern]] of an impoverished inner city and more prosperous suburbs. Attempts to include parts of the suburbs in The Hague were highly controversial. In the 1990s, with the consent of the Dutch Parliament, The Hague did succeed in annexing fairly large areas from its neighboring towns on which complete new residential areas were built and are still being built.
  
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The [[stork]] is the symbol of Den Haag.
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The stork is the symbol of Den Haag.
  
 
== The City ==
 
== The City ==
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The city has a limited student [[culture]] because it has no real [[university]], although there is a vocational university called the The Hague University. The city has many civil servants and [[diplomat]]s. In [[fact]], the number and variety of foreign residents (especially the expatriates) makes the city culturally quite diverse, with many foreign pubs, shops and cultural events.
  
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The city has a limited student culture because it has no real [[university]], although there is a [[vocational university]] called the [[The Hague University]]. The city has many [[civil servant]]s and [[diplomat]]s (see below). In fact, the number and variety of foreign residents (especially the [[expatriate]]s) makes the city culturally quite diverse, with many foreign [[pub]]s, shops and cultural events.
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The Hague is the largest Dutch city on the [[North Sea]] and comprises two distinct beach towns. The main beach resort Scheveningen, in the northwestern part of the city, is a popular destination for tourists and young people. With 10 million visitors a year it is the most popular beach town in the Benelux. It's perhaps for this reason that many, even some Dutch people, mistakenly believe Scheveningen is a city in its own right. That is not the case: Scheveningen is one of The Hague's eight districts ("stadsdelen"). Kijkduin, in the southwest, is The Hague's other beach resort. It is a lot smaller and attracts mainly local people.
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The Hague is the largest Dutch city on the [[North Sea]] and comprises two distinct beach towns. The main beach resort [[Scheveningen]], in the northwestern part of the city, is a popular destination for tourists and young people. With 10 million visitors a year it is the most popular beach town in the [[Benelux]]. It's perhaps for this reason that many, even some Dutch people, mistakenly believe Scheveningen is a city in its own right. That is not the case: Scheveningen is one of The Hague's eight districts ("stadsdelen"). [[Kijkduin]], in the southwest, is The Hague's other beach resort. It is a lot smaller and attracts mainly local people.
 
  
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The former Dutch colony of [[Netherlands East Indies]] ("Nederlands-Indië", current-day [[Indonesia]]) has left its mark on The Hague. Many streets are named after places in the Netherlands East Indies and there is a sizable "Indisch(e)" or "[[Indo]]" (i.e. mixed Dutch-Indonesian) community. Since the loss of these Dutch possessions in December 1949, "Indisch(e)" or "Indo" people often refer to The Hague as "the Widow of the Indies".
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The former Dutch colony of Netherlands East Indies ("Nederlands-Indië", current-day [[Indonesia]]) has left its mark on The Hague. Many streets are named after places in the Netherlands East Indies and there is a sizable "Indisch(e)" or "Indo" (i.e. mixed Dutch-Indonesian) [[community]]. Since the loss of these Dutch possessions in December 1949, "Indisch(e)" or "Indo" people often refer to The Hague as "the Widow of the Indies".
  
 
The older parts of the town usually have characteristically wide and long streets. Houses are generally low-rise (not more than three floors), and quite elegant. The layout of the city is more spacious than other Dutch cities. There are only a few canals in The Hague, as most of them were drained in the late 1800s.
 
The older parts of the town usually have characteristically wide and long streets. Houses are generally low-rise (not more than three floors), and quite elegant. The layout of the city is more spacious than other Dutch cities. There are only a few canals in The Hague, as most of them were drained in the late 1800s.
  
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Some of the most prosperous and some of the poorest neighbourhoods of the Netherlands can be found in The Hague. The wealthier areas ([[The Vogelwijk]], [[Statenkwartier]], [[Belgisch Park]] and [[Benoordenhout]]) are generally located in the northwest part of the city. The poorer areas (Transvaal,  Moerwijk, the Schilderswijk) can be found in the southern and eastern areas. This division is reflected in the local accent: The more affluent citizens are usually called "Hagenaars" and speak so-called "bekakt Haags" ("Bekakt" is Dutch for "stuck-up"). This contrasts with the "Hagenezen", who speak "plat Haags" ("plat" meaning "flat" or "common"). There is relatively little social interaction between these groups.
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Some of the most prosperous and some of the poorest neighbourhoods of the Netherlands can be found in The Hague. The wealthier areas (The Vogelwijk, Statenkwartier, Belgisch Park and Benoordenhout) are generally located in the northwest part of the city. The poorer areas (Transvaal,  Moerwijk, the Schilderswijk) can be found in the southern and eastern areas. This division is reflected in the local accent: The more affluent citizens are usually called "Hagenaars" and speak so-called "bekakt Haags" ("Bekakt" is Dutch for "stuck-up"). This contrasts with the "Hagenezen", who speak "plat Haags" ("plat" meaning "flat" or "common"). There is relatively little social interaction between these groups.
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The tallest building is the [[Hoftoren]].
 
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== Geography ==
 
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The Hague has eight official districts (''stadsdeel''). They are divided into smaller parts (''wijken'')[http://www.denhaag.nl/smartsite.html?id=22281]. In contrast to Amsterdam and Rotterdam, the "stadsdelen" have no political function and there are no elections for them.
 
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See [[Districts of The Hague]] for a detailed breakdown.
 
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*[[The Hague Center]]
 
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*[[Escamp]]
 
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*[[Haagse Hout]]
 
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*[[Laak, The Hague|Laak]]
 
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*[[Leidschenveen-Ypenburg]]
 
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*[[Loosduinen]]
 
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*[[Scheveningen]]
 
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*[[Segbroek]]
 
  
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The tallest building is the Hoftoren.
 
== International Organisations ==
 
== International Organisations ==
  
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As a result of its rich legacy in international politics, The Hague is home to over 150 international (legal) organisations. These include the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY), the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ), and the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC).
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As a result of its rich legacy in international politics, The Hague is home to over 150 international (legal) organisations. These include the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ), and the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC).
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The foundation of The Hague as an [[Hague Justice Portal|"international city of peace and justice"]] was laid in 1899, when the world's first [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Peace Conference]] took place in The Hague on [[Tobias Michael Carel Asser|Tobias Asser]]'s initiative, followed by a second in 1907. A direct result of these meetings was the establishment of the world's first  organisation for the settlement of international disputes: the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA). Shortly thereafter the Scottish-American millionaire [[Andrew Carnegie]] made the necessary funds  available to build the [[Peace Palace]]  (“Vredespaleis”) to house the PCA.
 
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After the establishment of the [[League of Nations]], The Hague became the seat of the [[Permanent Court of International Justice]], which was replaced by the UN's [[International Court of Justice]] after the [[Second World War]].
 
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The establishment of the [[Iran-US Claims Tribunal]] (1981), the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] (1993) and the [[International Criminal Court]] (2002) in the city further consolidated the role of The Hague as a centre for international legal arbitration.
 
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Currently the city authority is seeking to establish an image of the city as the "legal capital of the world" and "international city of peace and justice".
 
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Major international organisations based in The Hague include:
 
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* [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]], ([[ICTY]])
 
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* [[Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]], (OPCW)
 
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* [[International Court of Justice]], located in the [[Peace Palace]].
 
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* [[International Criminal Court]], (ICC).
 
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* [[European Police Office]], (Europol)
 
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* [[Hague Academy of International Law]], center for high-level education in both public and private international law.
 
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* [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]], the oldest institution for international dispute resolution.
 
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* [[Hague Conference on Private International Law]], (HCCH), the oldest and preeminent private international law harmonization institution.
 
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* [[Iran-United States Claims Tribunal]]
 
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* [[Eurojust]], European Union body composed of national prosecutors.
 
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* [[European Patent Office]]
 
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* [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/index.html The European Library]
 
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== Business ==
 
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Professional life in The Hague is dominated by the large number of civil servants and diplomats who work in the city. Government ministries and public institutions are almost all located in The Hague. Added to that several large and international businesses have their headquarters in The Hague:
 
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* [[Royal Dutch-Shell]], one of the largest oil companies in the world
 
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* [[KPN]] (Koninklijke PTT Nederland), the Dutch national telephone company (fixed and mobile divisions)
 
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* [[AEGON]], one of the world’s leading insurance companies
 
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* [[Nationale Nederlanden]], an insurance company that is part of the [[ING Group]] (shared HQ with [[Rotterdam]])
 
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* [[TPG Post]], the national provider of postal and logistical services. Part of [[TNT N.V.]]
 
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* [[Siemens A.G.]], Europe's largest engineering company has its Dutch headquarters there.
 
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There has never been any large-scale industrial activity in The Hague, with the possible exception of the fishing harbour in [[Scheveningen]]. Many of the city’s logistical and minor-industrial services are located in the Binckhorst district, which contains many large warehouses.
 
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== Culture ==
 
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* "[[Madurodam]]" is a [[miniature city]], containing hundreds of scale-models of Dutch landmarks in a typically Dutch miniature landscape.
 
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* The "[[Mauritshuis]]" exhibits many [[painting]]s by Dutch masters, such as [[Johannes Vermeer]], [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] and [[Paulus Potter]].
 
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* The "[[Escher Museum]]" is located in the former Royal Palace on the Lange Voorhout.
 
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* The "[[Haags Historisch museum]]" showcases the history of the city from the Middle Ages to the present day.
 
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* The "[[Museum Bredius]]" houses part of the collection of 19<sup>th</sup> century art historian Abraham Bredius, containing antique furniture, silverware and porcelain. 
 
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* Museum "[[de Gevangenpoort]]" (lit. the "Prison Gate") is a former prison housed in a 15<sup>th</sup> century  gatehouse, with genuine mediaeval dungeons and torture chambers.
 
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* The "[[Municipal Museum The Hague|Gemeentemuseum]]" (Municipal museum) is home to the world’s largest collection of works by the Dutch painter [[Piet Mondriaan]] as well as other modern art.
 
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* The [[Museon]] is an interactive and historical [[science museum]].
 
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* The [[Omniversum]] is [[Europe]]’s first 360° IMAX-cinema.
 
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* [[Panorama Mesdag]] houses a cylindrical 360° "[[panoramic]]" painting, 14 meters high by 120 meters long, depicting the sea-front at Scheveningen in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century, made by [[Hendrik Willem Mesdag]]. It is presented in such a way that it is almost as if one is looking at a real scene rather than a painting.
 
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* The "[[Museum voor Communicatie]]" (formerly the "PTT Museum") is the national [[postal museum]] and houses interactive exhibits as well as one of the country’s best collections of stamps.
 
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* The "[[Louis Couperus]] Museum" is devoted to the life and works of the great author (1863-1923).
 
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* The museum "[[Beelden aan Zee]]" in [[Scheveningen]] has a large collection of [[sculpture]]s, mainly from 20<sup>th</sup> century artists.
 
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* The "Koninklijke Schouwburg" ("Royal Theatre"), located on the Korte Voorhout, is the home of the "Nationaal Toneel" ("National theatre-group").
 
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* The Lucent Danstheater is home to the internationally celebrated [[Nederlands Dans Theatre]], a modern dance company. The building was designed by the Dutch architect [[Rem Koolhaas]] in 1988.  It shares a lobby with the [[Anton Philipszaal]], home of the [[Residentie Orkest]], the city's most important symphony orchestra.
 
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Other tourist attractions and landmarks in The Hague include:
 
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* The historic [[Binnenhof]] ("Inner Court") and Medieval [[Ridderzaal]] ("Knights’ Hall"), which now contains the Houses of Parliament and government offices. A good view can be obtained from the leafy Lange Vijverberg on the other side of the adjacent lake called the "Hofvijver" (lit. "Court Pond").
 
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* The Lange Voorhout is a wide avenue containing many splendid houses (now home to several [[embassies]]) as well as The Hague's oldest and narrowest house and the famous "Hotel des Indes", the city’s most luxurious hotel.
 
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* The "Passage" was [[The Netherlands]]' first covered shopping mall. Dating from the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. it contains many expensive and speciality shops.
 
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* The [[Noordeinde Palace|"Paleis Noordeinde"]] has been [[Queen Beatrix]]’ official work-palace since 1984. It is closed to the public, but the Palace Gardens ("Paleistuin") are accessible to the public.
 
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* The Clingendael Park is an old landed estate with a Japanese Garden. Nearby one can also find the home of the [[Clingendael Institute]] of International Relations.
 
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* [[Queen Beatrix]]’ residential Palace, "Paleis Huis ten Bosch", can be found a little outside the city in the "Haagse Bosch" forest.
 
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The Hague does not have a reputation for a bustling night life, most probably because it has no university and thus little student life. What night life there is centres around the three main squares in the city centre: "Het Plein" (literally "The Square"), the Grote Markt (literally "Large Market") and the "Buitenhof" (literally the "Outer Court", which lies just outside the [[Binnenhof]]). The Buitenhof contains the popular [[Movie theaters in the Netherlands|Pathé Buitenhof cinema]] and a handful of bars and restaurants in the immediate vicinity. A similar pattern of night life centers on the cinema in Scheveningen, although, especially in summer, night-life concentrates around the sea-front boulevard with its bars, restaurants, gambling halls and other entertainment.
 
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== Annual events ==
 
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* January: The Hague International Model United Nations ([[THIMUN]]) is the oldest and largest high school [[United Nations]] simulation in the world, gathering 4000 students from over 200 secondary schools across the globe.
 
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* 29 April: "[[Koninginnenach]]" ("Queen's Night", pronounced with a "plat Haags" accent) is held the night before "[[Koninginnedag]]"; there are several open air concerts in the city and young people flock from all over the country to drink and party.
 
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* 30 April: "[[Koninginnedag]]" ("Queen's Day") is a Dutch national holiday held on the birthday of former Queen Juliana. On this day the colour orange predominates at a [[funfair]] (which sells orange [[cotton candy]]) and scores of informal street markets. The day is a "vrijmarkt" (literally "free market"), which means no license is needed for streetvending; children traditionally use this day to sell old unwanted toys.
 
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* Mid-May: The Hague Jazz festival.
 
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* May & June: The [[Pasar Malam Besar]] is one of the largest Eurasian cultural festivals in Europe. It focuses on Indonesian culture.
 
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* June-September: Den Haag Sculptuur is an open-air exhibition of sculptures. The [http://www.sculpture2007.com 10th edition], in 2007, celebrates the 400 years of the relationship between The Netherlands and Australia.
 
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* The last Sunday in June: [[Parkpop]] is the largest free open air pop concert in Europe.
 
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* July: [http://www.jazzindegracht.nl Jazz in de Gracht] is an intercultural two-day event hosting [http://euge.smugmug.com/gallery/3145816/1/172631638 Jazz groups] which perform their music on flat-bottom boats and in bars in various places between Passantenhaven and Zuidwal.
 
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* July & August: The city hosts a series of weekly firework displays by the seafront in [[Scheveningen]], as part of an international fireworks festival and competition.
 
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* July & August is the annual Summerschool of The Hague [http://www.summerschooldenhaag.nl Summerschool Den Haag].
 
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* July: "Milan" Europe’s biggest Hindustani open air event held in Zuiderpark.
 
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* August: Ha-Schi-Ba (Haagse Schilderswijk Bazar) is multicultural festival held in the Schilderswijk attracting over 100.000 visitors.
 
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* The third Tuesday in September: "[[Prinsjesdag]]" (literally "Princes' Day") is the Dutch State Opening of Parliament when the Queen reads the "speech from the throne" ("Troonrede"). The day is popular among monarchists and tourists who are out to see Queen Beatrix and the royal family in the [[Gouden Koets|Golden State Coach]] ("de Gouden Koets").
 
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== Transportation ==
 
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Public transport in The Hague consists of a sizeable number of [[tram]] and [[bus]] routes, operated by [[HTM Personenvervoer]]. Plans for a subway were shelved in the early 1970s. However, in 2004 a tunnel was built under the city centre with two underground tram stations ("Spui" and "Grote Markt"); it is shared by tram routes 2, 3, 4 and 6.
 
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A regional [[light rail]] system called [[RandstadRail]] connects The Hague to nearby cities, Zoetermeer and Rotterdam. The system suffered from startup problems and derailings in 2006, but is fully operational now.
 
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There are two main [[train station]]s in The Hague: Den Haag Hollands Spoor (HS) and Den Haag Centraal. It is somewhat confusing that many trains bypass the central station because it is a [[Terminal station|terminus]]. For instance, the international [[Thalys]] and [[Benelux]] trains to [[Paris]] and [[Brussels]] only stop at Hollands Spoor. The central station does, however, offer good connections with the rest of the country, with direct services to most major cities. With the inception of the Dutch High Speed Line ([[HSL-Zuid]]) in 2008/9, high speed trains will run from the central station to [[Breda]], [[Antwerp]] and [[Brussels]]; Hollands Spoor station, however, will lose its direct connection with [[Paris]] and hourly service to [[Brussels]].
 
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The nearest airport to The Hague is [[Rotterdam Airport]]. It is, however, not easily reachable by public transport. With several direct trains per hour from the railway stations Hollands Spoor and Centraal, [[Amsterdam Schiphol Airport]] is more frequently used by people travelling to and from The Hague by airplane.
 
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Major motorways (freeways) connecting to The Hague include the A12, running to Utrecht and the German border. The A12 runs directly into the heart of the city in a cutting. Built in the 1970s, this section of motorway (the "Utrechtsebaan") is now heavily overburdened. Plans were made in the late 1990s for a second artery road into the city (the "Trekvliettracé" or previously called "Rotterdamsebaan") have continually been put on hold. Other connecting motorways are the A4, which connects the city with [[Amsterdam]], and the A13, which runs to [[Rotterdam]] and connects to motorways towards the Belgian border.
 
  
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== Nearby towns ==
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The foundation of The Hague as an "international city of peace and [[justice]]" was laid in 1899, when the world's first Peace Conference]] took place in The Hague on Tobias Asser's initiative, followed by a second in 1907. A direct result of these meetings was the establishment of the world's first organisation for the settlement of international disputes: the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA). Shortly thereafter the Scottish-American millionaire [[Andrew Carnegie]] made the necessary funds  available to build the [[Peace Palace]] (“Vredespaleis”) to house the PCA.
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* [[Delft]]
 
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* [[Leiden]]
 
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* [[Rijswijk]]
 
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* [[Voorschoten]]
 
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* [[Wassenaar]]
 
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* [[Wateringen]]
 
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* [[Zoetermeer]]
 
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* [[Leidschendam-Voorburg]]
 
  
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[[Warsaw]] and [[Juigalpa]] are sister cities to The Hague.
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After the establishment of the [[League of Nations]], The Hague became the seat of the Permanent Court of International Justice, which was replaced by the UN's International Court of Justice after the [[Second World War]].
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The establishment of the Iran-US Claims Tribunal (1981), the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia  (1993) and the [[International Criminal Court]] (2002) in the city further consolidated the role of The Hague as a centre for international [[legal]] arbitration.
  
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== See also ==
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Currently the city [[authority]] is seeking to establish an image of the city as the "legal capital of the world" and "international city of peace and justice".
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* [[Famous people from The Hague]]
 
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* [[Districts of The Hague]]
 
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
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[[Category: General Reference]]
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[[Category: Law]]
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[[Category: Geography]]
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[[Category: Political Science]]

Revision as of 20:55, 18 May 2009

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The International Court of Justice also called the Peace Palace

The Hague with capital T', (also', "The Count's Hedge") is the third-largest city in the Netherlands]] after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. It is located in the west of the country, in the province of South Holland, of which it is also the provincial capital. The Hague is, like Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Utrecht, part of the conglomerate metropolitan area Randstad, with a population of 6,659,300 inhabitants.

The Hague is the actual seat of government, but, somewhat anomalously, not the official capital of the Netherlands, a role set aside by the Dutch constitution]for Amsterdam. The Hague is the home of the Eerste Kamer (first chamber) and the [Tweede Kamer (second chamber), respectively the upper and lower houses forming the Staten Generaal (literally the "Estates-General"). Queen Beatrix]] of the Netherlands lives and works in The Hague. All foreign embassies and government ministriesare located in the city, as well as the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden' (The Supreme Court), the Raad van State (Council of State) and many lobbying organisations.

History

The Hague was founded in 1248 by William II, Count of Holland and King of the Romans or Rex Romanorum, who was supposed to become Holy Roman Emperor. He started the construction of a castle in a forest near the sea in Holland, where he intended to live after his coronation. He died in battle before he could be crowned. His castle was not finished, but parts of it remain and are now called the Ridderzaal (Knights' Hall). It is still in use for political events, such as the annual speech from the throne by the monarch.

Later, the counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative centre. 'Des Graven Hage' literally means "the count's hedge" or "the count's private enclosure". The powerful cities of Holland, like Leiden, Delft, and Dordrecht, struck a compromise to choose the then small and unimportant village of The Hague as their administrative centre. This policy was never changed, and The Hague is to this day the center of government but not the official capital.

To keep The Hague small, it was not allowed city rights or allowed to build city walls. When city walls were finally allowed in the 1500s, the population decided to use the money to build a city hall instead of city walls. This proved disastrous during the Eighty Years' War, as it allowed Spanish troops to easily occupy the town.

The Hague was finally named a city by the French occupation force in 1806, centuries after other Dutch cities had received similar rights. All this has led to the urban legend that The Hague is not a city but a village.

Because of its history, it lacks a large historical inner city like the nearby cities of Leiden and Delft. But when the government started playing a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. The older parts of the city are therefore mostly from the 19th century and the early 20 th century. The growing city annexed the municipality of Loosduinen partly in 1903 and completely in 1923.

Parts of the city sustained heavy damage during World War II. The Atlantic Wall was built through part of the city, causing whole neighrhoods to be torn down by the German occupiers. On [[March 3 ,1945, the Royal Air Force mistakenly bombed the Bezuidenhout district. The target was an installation of V-2 rockets in a nearby park. Due to navigational errors, the bombs fell on a heavily populated and historic part of the city. Over 500 people died and the scars in the city can still be seen today.

After the war The Hague was at one point the largest building site in Europe. The city expanded massively to the southwest. The destroyed areas were also quickly rebuilt. The population peaked at 600,000 inhabitants around 1965.

In the 1970s and 1980s the mostly white middle classes moved to neighboring towns like Voorburg, Leidschendam, Rijswijk and most of all Zoetermeer. This led to the traditional pattern of an impoverished inner city and more prosperous suburbs. Attempts to include parts of the suburbs in The Hague were highly controversial. In the 1990s, with the consent of the Dutch Parliament, The Hague did succeed in annexing fairly large areas from its neighboring towns on which complete new residential areas were built and are still being built.

The stork is the symbol of Den Haag.

The City

The city has a limited student culture because it has no real university, although there is a vocational university called the The Hague University. The city has many civil servants and diplomats. In fact, the number and variety of foreign residents (especially the expatriates) makes the city culturally quite diverse, with many foreign pubs, shops and cultural events.

The Hague is the largest Dutch city on the North Sea and comprises two distinct beach towns. The main beach resort Scheveningen, in the northwestern part of the city, is a popular destination for tourists and young people. With 10 million visitors a year it is the most popular beach town in the Benelux. It's perhaps for this reason that many, even some Dutch people, mistakenly believe Scheveningen is a city in its own right. That is not the case: Scheveningen is one of The Hague's eight districts ("stadsdelen"). Kijkduin, in the southwest, is The Hague's other beach resort. It is a lot smaller and attracts mainly local people.

The former Dutch colony of Netherlands East Indies ("Nederlands-Indië", current-day Indonesia) has left its mark on The Hague. Many streets are named after places in the Netherlands East Indies and there is a sizable "Indisch(e)" or "Indo" (i.e. mixed Dutch-Indonesian) community. Since the loss of these Dutch possessions in December 1949, "Indisch(e)" or "Indo" people often refer to The Hague as "the Widow of the Indies".

The older parts of the town usually have characteristically wide and long streets. Houses are generally low-rise (not more than three floors), and quite elegant. The layout of the city is more spacious than other Dutch cities. There are only a few canals in The Hague, as most of them were drained in the late 1800s.

Some of the most prosperous and some of the poorest neighbourhoods of the Netherlands can be found in The Hague. The wealthier areas (The Vogelwijk, Statenkwartier, Belgisch Park and Benoordenhout) are generally located in the northwest part of the city. The poorer areas (Transvaal, Moerwijk, the Schilderswijk) can be found in the southern and eastern areas. This division is reflected in the local accent: The more affluent citizens are usually called "Hagenaars" and speak so-called "bekakt Haags" ("Bekakt" is Dutch for "stuck-up"). This contrasts with the "Hagenezen", who speak "plat Haags" ("plat" meaning "flat" or "common"). There is relatively little social interaction between these groups.

The tallest building is the Hoftoren.

International Organisations

As a result of its rich legacy in international politics, The Hague is home to over 150 international (legal) organisations. These include the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the International Criminal Court (ICC).

The foundation of The Hague as an "international city of peace and justice" was laid in 1899, when the world's first Peace Conference]] took place in The Hague on Tobias Asser's initiative, followed by a second in 1907. A direct result of these meetings was the establishment of the world's first organisation for the settlement of international disputes: the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). Shortly thereafter the Scottish-American millionaire Andrew Carnegie made the necessary funds available to build the Peace Palace (“Vredespaleis”) to house the PCA.

After the establishment of the League of Nations, The Hague became the seat of the Permanent Court of International Justice, which was replaced by the UN's International Court of Justice after the Second World War. The establishment of the Iran-US Claims Tribunal (1981), the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993) and the International Criminal Court (2002) in the city further consolidated the role of The Hague as a centre for international legal arbitration.

Currently the city authority is seeking to establish an image of the city as the "legal capital of the world" and "international city of peace and justice".

External links

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