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...imental design in the "hard" sciences tends to focus on the elimination of extraneous effects, while experimental design in the "soft" sciences focuses more on t ...te. [[Human experimentation]] requires special safeguards against outside variables such as the ''placebo effect''. Such experiments are generally ''double bl

...g activity or behavior, it is a conceptual tool used to limit [[extraneous variables]] such as terrain.

...pically related to events, other candidates include processes, properties, variables, [[fact]]s, and states of affairs; which of these comprise the correct caus ...inition of "confounding" and helps researchers identify accessible sets of variables worthy of measurement.