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...Pavlov]] led to the rise of Operant Conditioning, a theory advocated by [[B.F. Skinner]], which took over the academic establishment up through the 1950

...ic stimulus, such as pain or the threat of [[pain]]. Psychologists John B. Watson, Robert Plutchik, and Paul Ekman have suggested that fear is one of a small

...tive breeding]]<ref>Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species, 1st, John Murray</ref>. [[Genetic drift]] was embraced as an additional mechanism of ...]". New disciplines developed rapidly, especially after [[James D. Watson|Watson]] and [[Francis Crick|Crick]] proposed the structure of [[DNA]]. Following

...mes]] and the behaviorists [[Edward Thorndike]], [[Clark Hull]], [[John B. Watson]], and [[B. F. Skinner]]. However, introspection is not intrinsically probl

...ary example was the gene; the gene was much more poorly understood before Watson and Crick's pioneering discovery of the structure of DNA; it would have bee ...ling]] proposed that DNA was a triple helix. [[Francis Crick]] and [[James Watson]] learned of Pauling's hypothesis, understood from existing data that Pauli

...itive computers had been around for only a few years, but pioneers such as John McCarthy, [[Marvin Minsky]], Allen Newell, and Herbert Simon were founding ...language use, some philosophical critics such as Hubert Dreyfus (1992) and John Searle (1992) have claimed that this approach is fundamentally mistaken. Cr

...subsequent publication of the structure of DNA by [[James D. Watson|James Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]] in 1953, demonstrated the physical basis for inheri ...] in particular became popular through the writing of [[John Henry Holland|John Holland]]. As academic interest grew, dramatic increases in the power of c

...ither compatibilist or incompatibilist, hard determinist or libertarian. [[John Locke]], for example, denied that the phrase "free will" made any sense (co ...ne will commit a violent crime.<ref name = "Brower"> Brower M.C. and Price B.H. (2001). "Neuropsychiatry of frontal lobe dysfunction in violent and crimi

...ball across the pitch for a throw-in and it hit my old Cambridge team-mate John Francis in the privates. He dropped like a stone. a1616 SHAKESPEARE King John (1623) IV. iii. 16 The Count Meloone,..Whose priuate with me of the Dolphin