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...'' leads to a contradiction, was instrumental in the development of modern logic and [[set theory]]. ...heia exist, but they are sometimes accepted in Eastern traditions and in ''paraconsistent'' logics. An example might be to affirm or deny the statement "John is in t

'''Logic''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Classical Greek]] λόγος [[logos]]; meaning wo ...reasoning using [[probability]] and to arguments involving [[causality]]. Logic is also commonly used today in [[argumentation theory]]. J. Robert Cox and

...oduced the method of basing claims about [[pheonomena|appearances]] on a [[logic]]al concept of Being, he is considered one of the founders of metaphysics. ...[law]] of noncontradiction and the status it holds in non-paraconsistent [[logic]]s.